Masters Degree Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12504/84

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Assessment of quality of government funded construction works in local governments in Uganda : a case study of Buvuma district local government
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2024-12) Mayega, Jasper
The study sought to assess the causes of the rampant non-compliance to quality standards of construction works in Local Governments (LGs) of Uganda. According to the Auditor General’s report of 2021, 80% of works in LGs under Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program (UgIFT) constructions had defects such as honey combing, delayed completion and observed poor mixes. The study employed a cross-sectional research design that included the use of both quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches. Data were collected using stratified sampling and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16. Analysis of the findings based on both regression and Pearson correlation coefficient showed that, generally, the respondents agreed that funding had an impact on quality with an average mean value of 3.73 and a correlation coefficient of 0.520 indicating a strong positive relationship between funding factors and the quality of Government Funded Construction Projects (GFCPs) in Buvuma District Local Government (BDLG). The regression analysis indicated that the adjusted R-Square value of 0.30 was obtained implying that 30% of the variance in the quality of GFCPs is influenced by funding factors. The respondents were generally not sure whether personnel factors affected quality GFCPs with an average mean value of 2.887 and a correlation coefficient of 0.483 indicating a moderate positive relationship between personnel factors and quality of GFCPs in BDLG. However, the regression analysis indicated that the adjusted R-Square value of 0.93 was obtained implying that 93% of the variance in the quality of GFCPs is influenced by personnel factors. Procurement factors affecting quality of GFCPs had an average mean = 2.60 indicating that the respondents were generally not sure whether procurement factors affected quality of GFCPs with a correlation coefficient of 0.462 indicating a moderate relationship between procurement factors and quality of GFCPs. The regression analysis indicated that the adjusted R-Square value of 0.866 was obtained implying that 86.6% of the variance in the quality of GFCPs is influenced by the procurement factors. In conclusion, the impact of funding, personnel factors and procurement factors have a significant impact on quality of GFCPs in LGs. Therefore, the study recommended that BDLG and DLGs should address the issues on Funding, personnel and improving the procurement systems for better quality of GFCPs in LGs.
Compressive strength and cost-effectiveness of confined waste plastic bottle brick masonry walls
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2025-11) Masaba, Emmison Eric
Uganda faces persistent challenges of housing shortages, high construction costs, and environmental degradation resulting from unsustainable resource extraction and poor waste management. Large quantities of plastic bottles and saw dust waste remain underutilized, yet their potential as construction materials has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated the compressive strength and cost-effectiveness of Plastic Bottle Brick (PBB) masonry walls as a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete block walls in Mbale City, Uganda. The research addressed the gap in empirical data on the structural performance of confined PBB walls with varying filler materials (uncompressed air, saw dust and pit sand). The pit sand PBB walls attained a compressive strength of 0.6 ± 0.02 MPa, which was comparable to that of the hollow concrete block walls (0.6 ± 0.06 MPa). The sawdust and air PBB walls, however, recorded lower mean strengths of 0.3 ± 0.05 MPa and 0.3 ± 0.03 MPa, respectively, which were well below the solid concrete block walls (0.8 ± 0.03 MPa). All PBB variants exhibited greater ductility, with failure strains of 1.8–2.0%, compared to 1.0–1.2% in concrete block walls. Although the PBB blocks did not meet the minimum compressive strength requirements of DS/EN 1996-1-1 DK NA:2019 for load-bearing masonry units, pit sand PBB blocks demonstrated adequate performance for small-scale or low-rise applications, while the air and sawdust filled variants were suitable for non-load-bearing infill walls. A cost-benefit analysis, based on materials, labour, time utilisation, and carbon emission costs, revealed that air PBB blocks were the most economical at UGX 11,694, followed by pit sand filled units, while solid concrete block walls were the least economical at UGX 28,759. The sawdust filled units were relatively more expensive (UGX 27,634) due to higher carbon emission costs. The study also developed a practical production method that enables PBB unit casting at a rate only 17% slower than that of conventional blocks, demonstrating commercial viability and compatibility with existing formwork systems.
An investigation into the barriers and drivers of sustainable construction in Uganda
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2025-07) Lugya, Duncan
This study investigated the barriers and drivers to Sustainable Construction (SC) in Uganda, with the aim of developing a framework to promote its wider adoption. The construction industry has immensely contributed to the development of the economy. However, the impact to the environment arising from construction activities is significant. Despite increasing awareness among construction professionals, limited empirical data exists on the specific barriers and enablers of SC adoption in Uganda necessitating this investigation. Questionnaires were administered to 173 construction professionals (civil engineers, architects, surveyors, and environmentalists) primarily based in Kampala and Wakiso. The research adopted both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS and variables with Relative Importance Index (RII) greater than 0.8 were considered critical barriers and drivers. The findings revealed several barriers to SC, including limited market demand (RII: 0.90), limited public awareness about SC (RII: 0.86) among others. In terms of drivers, factors, such as reduction in natural resource use (RII: 0.84) and providing SC measurement (RII: 0.83) were found to motivate the adoption of SC. The study further assessed the level of awareness and interpretation of SC, highlighting the need for increased education on the benefits of SC. Based on the results, a framework was proposed, emphasizing the importance of government incentives and collaboration with stakeholders. The study provides valuable insights for promoting the wider adoption of SC in Uganda and lays the groundwork for future research and policy development.
Impact of professional contracts management practices on timely completion of building construction projects in Uganda
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2025-05) Latim, Genard
Building construction project completion delays are a serious problem in Uganda's construction sector and have long been significant on a worldwide scale. The price 91% of construction projects are finished late, according to Uganda. This study investigated how professional contract management techniques affect Ugandan building construction projects' timely completion. Simple random selection was used to get 82 responders from purposively chosen projects. A questionnaire was used as the data gathering instrument. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess quantitative data. The overall mean answer was 4.0 for contractor prequalification procedures and 4.6 for contractor monitoring procedures. The results of the study show that contractor prequalification procedures have a considerable impact on the timely completion of building construction projects, with a chi-square value of 101.246 and a p-value of 0.001. This also held true for contractor supervision procedures, with a p-value of 0.000 and a chi-square value of 151.046. To improve the timely completion of building construction projects, a model was created. The results of the study show that contractor pre-qualification and monitoring procedures have a favorable effect on building construction projects' timely completion. According to the report, pre-qualification procedures for contractors should be founded on their financial soundness, management team, and level of experience. Effective coordination, quality control, resolving environmental issues, and reducing site risks should be the main goals of contractor supervision procedures. This will minimize interruptions and ensure that the project is completed on schedule.
Incorporating impact of covid-19 into routine road maintenance by local government : case study of the greater Nebbi
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2025-06) Kubi, James
In projects, a contingency cost is included to account for potential variation that may arise during the construction phase. These variations may result from factors such as unforeseen conditions, design errors, or changes in scope. Contingency costs are normally allocated 10% to 15% of the project cost. Despite the provision of contingency costs, there are eventualities termed as "force majeure" that can occur during construction that exceed the contingency cost. Such eventualities include earthquake, wars and epidemics. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic is an example of such unforeseen circumstances. Its impact on the construction industry, particularly with regard to the increase in material costs, had not been encountered before. The main objective of this study was to incorporate impact of COVID-19 into routine road maintenance framework for District Local Governments in Greater Nebbi. To achieve this main objective, the study focused on identifying road characteristics which affect maintenance cost per kilometre in the Greater Nebbi, established the impact in change of unit rate of road maintenance on cost per kilometre before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic, statistically tested the mean difference in the unit rate before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and developed framework for road maintenance that incorporates the impact of COVID-19. The study adopted a case study approach. A total of five (5) roads were selected from the greater Nebbi of which one was sampled from Jonam-Pakwach District, two from Padyere-Nebbi District, and two from Okoro-Zombo District. The field data collected were analysed using Microsoft Excel, because it had data analysis package for analysing research data. The analysed relied on both descriptive and inferential statistics. Field data were tested using t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means to test statistical significant difference between mean. The research identified several factors that influence the maintenance cost per kilometre of roads in the Greater Nebbi, including terrain, climatic conditions during maintenance, road class and road condition, level of service, soil type, drainage condition and road surface type. The study concluded that road maintenance projects in the area underwent substantial changes in the unit rate of maintenance costs per kilometre before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research recommends that future investigations should develop a predictive model that account for the effects of global disruptions (such as pandemics) on supply chains and inflation could help road maintenance authorities anticipate cost changes. These models could use historical data from COVID-19 and previous economic shocks to forecast material and labour price trends and guide proactive budgeting strategies.
Investigation into the collapse potential of subbase material in the tropics region case study: the greater Kampala metropolitan area
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2025-10) Mbwali, Mary Christine
Road construction in tropical regions such as the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA) faces persistent challenges from hydro-consolidation, which can weaken subbase layers and compromise pavement durability. This study aimed to evaluate the collapse potential of subbase materials in the GKMA and recommend measures to enhance their performance for sustainable road infrastructure. Representative samples were subjected to physical-mechanical tests [Maximum Dry Density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg limits and Particle Size Distribution (PSD)], chemical analysis (chloride, sulphate, and pH content) and conventional oedometer testing under wetting conditions to determine hydro-consolidation behavior. The oedometer test results showed that subbase soils at Natural Moisture Content (NMC) exhibited medium to high collapse potential, exceeding 3% under higher applied stresses, indicating susceptibility to hydro-consolidation when saturated under load. However, samples compacted at Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) displayed collapse potentials below 2%, demonstrating that proper compaction significantly reduces collapse risk. These results confirm that collapse potential is stress-dependent and highlight the importance of achieving optimum moisture content during construction to enhance subbase stability. Based on the findings, the study recommends further evaluation of subbase materials under higher applied stresses to better simulate traffic conditions, expanding investigations beyond the GKMA to capture broader geological variability, and examining other road failure mechanisms such as drainage efficiency and construction practices. Overall, this research provides a practical evidence base on hydro-consolidation behavior of subbase materials, enabling engineers and policymakers in Uganda to design, construct, and maintain pavements that are durable, resilient, and cost-effective in tropical environments.
Effects of land use patterns on microplastic concentration and distribution in river Rwizi, Mbarara district
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-09) Kemigisha, Mariam
Microplastic pollution has become a pressing global environmental challenge, threatening aquatic ecosystems. In Mbarara District, growing industrial development, agricultural and urban activities, and poor waste management practices, contribute to the release of microplastics into River Rwizi. These plastic particles, typically less than 5 mm in size, largely originate from degradation of discarded plastics and can enter the food web through ingestion, biomagnification, and bioaccumulation. This research aimed to study the concentration, characteristics (colour, size, shape and polymer type), and distribution of microplastics in River Rwizi, with emphasis on the role of surrounding land use activities. Samples of water and sediments were obtained from nine purposively selected sites based on predominant land-use types, representing agricultural (upstream), urban/built up (midstream), and forested (downstream) land use types. Sample preparation involved sieving, drying, density separation, and filtration. Microplastics were then identified using stereomicroscopy and analyzed for polymer composition using FTIR spectroscopy. Land use mapping was conducted using Sentinel-2 satellite and supervised classification in ArcGIS, followed by ground truthing with a handheld GPS. Data analysis used IBM SPSS Version 29.0, while Pearson correlation and regression modeling were used to assess the influence of land use on microplastic concentrations. Results revealed that all samples collected contained microplastics. Concentrations in water samples ranged from 0.117 to 0.883 particles per liter, while sediments contained 0.012 to 0.132 particles/Kg. Built up and agricultural areas recorded higher concentrations of microplastics than forested areas. Fibers were the most common shape, most prevalent in built up land use, while blue particles were the most frequent colour. Most particles fell within 0.5–1.0 mm size range, suggesting they originated from larger plastic debris. Polyethylene and Polypropylene emerged as the dominant polymers identified across all land use categories. These findings demonstrate that land use patterns strongly influence microplastic pollution in River Rwizi. The study recommends improved waste management practices, promotion of alternatives to single-use plastic packaging materials, strengthening community awareness and policy interventions to reduce plastic pollution, and strengthening plastic recycling initiatives.
Investigating the effect of activating agents on removal of lead ions from water using activated rice husk carbon
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-11) Kamukama, Ivan
Activated carbon is very important in treating polluted water. Carbon can be produced from locally sourced agricultural waste. This helps in reducing the amount of agricultural waste in the environment. This study investigated the effect of activating agents on removal of Pb2+ ions from water using activated rice husk carbon. Chemical activation method was used where rice husk carbon (RHC) was impregnated with chemical activating agents before heating. Three distinct activating agents were used namely; potassium hydroxide (KOH), phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). RHC activated with a 7.5% concentration of KOH using 5g/L adsorbent showed 99.9% efficiency in removing lead ions, almost achieving complete elimination. RHC activated with 1% ZnCl2 while using 20g/L adsorbent demonstrated 98.5% removal efficiency, just 1.36% less than the RHC activated with 7.5% KOH. RHC activated with 2.5% H3PO4 while using 20g/L adsorbent showed 84.1% removal efficiency, making it least effective among the three agents tested at their optimal levels. Despite achieving removal efficiencies of 98.5% and 84.1%, RHC activated with ZnCl2 and H3PO4, respectively, required a higher adsorbent dosage (20 g/L), indicating lower effectiveness compared to KOH-activated carbon. KOH activation created a highly porous and rough surface with a well-developed network of interconnected pores. On the other hand, ZnCl2 and H3PO4 resulted in less aggressive pore formation and different surface morphologies, leading to less interconnected and less rough porous structures. It was observed that the uptake of Pb²⁺ ions by activated RHC aligns more accurately with the Langmuir isotherm model.
Performance of green silver Nano particles using Psidium guajava leaves for adsorption of lead from water
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-11) Kihumuro, Josephine
This research examined the effectiveness of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from aqueous extracts of three varieties of Psidium guajava leaves (white, orange, and red fruit mesocarp) in adsorbing lead (Pb²⁺) ions from contaminated water. The study assessed antioxidant activity, characterized nanoparticles, and analysed adsorption performance across different dosages (0.1–1.0 g) and contact durations (5–25 minutes). White guava extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, achieving 83.85% 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging. Additionally, AgNPs from all varieties displayed spherical morphology as observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), with white guava derived AgNPs exhibiting uniform distribution of the NPs in the matrix. Adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximum Pb²⁺ removal efficiency of 83.16% at a dosage of 0.6 g and a contact time of 20 minutes for white guava AgNPs, while orange and red had 81.53 and 78.35 % respectively. Clay filters infused with AgNPs demonstrated a Pb²⁺ removal efficiency of 99.59% (composite filter), surpassing the performance of unmodified clay, which achieved 91.62% removal. The research findings indicate that white guava derived from AgNPs possess significant antioxidant capacity and adsorption affinity, presenting a viable approach for heavy metal remediation, with prospective applications in point-ofuse water treatment technologies. It is recommended to optimise the ratios of hybrid nanoparticles and conduct field validation in real-world conditions.
Investigation of the impact of ancillary roadworks on road safety in Uganda : a case of Kampala – Jinja road
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-08) Ssebuliba, Isaac
The 1949 Geneva Convention on road traffic put in place a unified approach to promote road safety and development of international road traffic. This coupled with the Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the United Nations Agenda 2030, African Union Agenda 2063, have had a great impact on ensuring safety on the world’s roads. However, road safety for Low Developed Countries like Uganda is still a challenge, despite the adoption of the country’s Vision 2040 and the launching of the National Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2026). A study to investigate the impact of ancillary roadworks on road safety in Uganda, a case of Kampala – Jinja road was conducted, with an aim of establishing a relationship between Road Signs, Road Marking, Guard Rails, Humped and Rumble Strips, Road Lights, Walkways and Service lanes with Road Safety. This study therefore used correlation research design supported by cross sectional survey design with qualitative and quantitative approaches for interviews and questionnaires respectively. Primary data were collected from 30 field traffic officers, 19 drivers, 03 Officers in Charge (OC) traffic police stations, 36 road engineers, 01 Inspectorate of Vehicles (IOV), 01 Regional Traffic Officer (RTO) and 12 market leaders, all within the study area, whereas secondary data were extracted from accident data from Uganda Police. Questionnaire data were analysed with SPSS version 24.0. The interview data was analysed using content analysis. Results indicated that 61% of installed informatory signs, 53% of the installed regulatory signs and 40% of installed warning signs still existed on the road and others were missing which exposes road users to risk of accidents. Guardrails were still existing but some had rusted and others covered with grown grass, making them not visible to road users. Majority of road accidents were serious, accounting for 159 (47.8%) cases, followed by 130 fatalities (39.2%) and 43 (13.0%) minor accidents for the period from 2017 to 2022. A relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable, (βeta) of the study was made. Results of correlation analysis indicated that all ancillary road works were significant except road signs, yet regression results indicated that road marking (βeta = 0.207, p-value = 0.029), guardrails (βeta = 0.186, p-value = 0.045) and humps and rumbles strips (βeta = 0.260, p-value = 0.028) have a positive significant effect on the road safety unlike road lights, road signs, walkways and service lanes which were insignificant. Field inspections together with traffic police officers within the study area, identified 14 blackspots with high annual frequency of accident occurrence in the section between Lugazi and Kitigoma village. It is concluded that road marking, guardrails and humps and rumbles strips significantly affect road safety. The study recommended that construction of humps and rumble strips of moderate size, visible road marking with higher retro reflectivity and strong guardrails, can help in ensuring road safety with support of enforcementof traffic laws of Uganda.
Investigating the effect of occupational safety and health measures on the cost of construction works in Uganda : a case Nakawa division, Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-10) Eluru, John
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2006 was enacted by the Government of Uganda as one of the strategies taken to enhance the welfare and health of workers on construction sites. It was important to investigate if the occupational safety and health (OSH) measures had a good effect. Design, progressive and incident reports were reviewed before considering over 500 respondents from 24 bungalow construction sites across Nakawa Division. Questionnaires and interview guides were distributed to site workers. Among those considered, only 216 valid questionnaires and interview guides from 10 construction sites were returned from respondents that were randomly considered from class category A-3, A-4 and A-5 of indigenous construction companies. Frequency and percentage tables were used to analyse the data. The findings show that the cost associated with OSH measures recorded the Safety Investment Ratio (SIR) of 0.71%. The cost incurred due to construction accidents recorded the Accident Loss Ratio (ALR) of 0.47%. The overall effect of OSH measures was 1.18%, which was considerably low. This result indicates that, despite the fact that 77% of construction workers experience accidents, indigenous construction companies do not make significant investments in occupational safety and health. Adherence to OSH was difficult with negligence, manual lifting and shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) as the major causes. There is need to invest more on OSH measures in order to minimize the costs implications of sickness and death associated with accidents. It was recommended that the effect of OSH measures needs to be investigated on sites with fatal injuries. Fire protection and chemical storage too need to be investigated in Uganda. The study was limited to only Nakawa Division. Research on the effect of occupational safety and health measures on cost needs to also be conducted in other Divisions in Kampala and cities within Uganda. More studies should be conducted on innovative technology on safety and health measures at construction sites in Uganda. These findings are significant in the formulation of safety and health regulations and in the application of occupational safety and health measures.
Enhancing labour productivity through job-site training on building sites in Uganda : a case of Arua city
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-09) Econi, Kenneth Yikii
Labour productivity is a critical determinant of construction project performance directly influencing timelines, cost efficiency and overall quality outcomes. In developing countries like Uganda, the building sites often struggles with low productivity levels due to inadequate workforce skills, inefficient work practices and limited access to structured training programs. In Arua City, evidence from multiple building sites indicate that these challenges manifest in significant delays, substandard workmanship and cost overruns. According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2022) and the Uganda Manufacturers Association (2022) reports, 68% of manufacturing firms in Uganda report difficulties in finding technically skilled workers highlighting a critical skills gap that undermines productivity and efficiency. This study investigates the role of jobsite training in enhancing labour productivity on building sites aiming to identify the most significant factors influencing training effectiveness and workforce performance while proposing strategies to optimize outcomes. A mixed-method approach is adopted, collecting quantitative and qualitative data from 94 workers across fourteen sites and is analyzed using SPSS version 23. Findings reveal a moderate positive correlation between job-site training and labour productivity with training method, recruitment criteria and trainee motivation identified as the most influential factors for training effectiveness while manpower, management and motivation emerge as the primary determinants of labour productivity across worker trades on site. A predictive regression model with R² value of 80.2% is developed to design, assess and predict the effectiveness of job-site training on building sites. An on-site training framework is developed and validated demonstrating productivity improvements across all trades including carpenters by 18.06%, non-trade workers by 15.95%, welders by 13.94%, painters by 9.72%, electricians by 6.24%, plumbers by 2.93% and masons by 2.65%. The study recommends that job-site training programs carry out systematic needs assessment to align training content with site-specific requirements. Priority should be given to training methods and manpower management as they have the greatest impact on training effectiveness and worker productivity on building site. The regression model and training framework should be adopted as practical tools for planning and evaluating training programs. Finally, the study recommends apprenticeship and role-playing as the most effective methods for knowledge transfer on building sites.
Investigating spatial variation of Arsenite concentrations into river Awoja, physiographic determinants and treatment options
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-09) Ecodu, Michael
The 2030 agenda of the United Nations placed a high priority on addressing water quality challenges. Many towns and cities are supplied with water from rivers. Depending on the human activities on the catchment, the water from the river can be characterized by the presence of Arsinite. It is important to quantify Arsenite to guide in planning for the water treatment. In this study, several points were selected within River Awoja catchment. Rainfall runoff was sampled at selected locations and concentrations of Arsenite was determined from a laboratory. To explain the spatial variation of Arsenite concentrations, analysis of land categories was conducted. The potential of rice husk as Activated Carbon in removing Arsenite was investigated. The concentrations of Arsenite ranged from 20.21mg/L to 27.57mg/L against WHO standards of 0.01mg/L indicating the need to treat the water given the substantial level of pollution with Arsenite. The linear relationship between physiographic characteristics and Arsenite-based land categories of barren land, grassland, settlement, cropland, waterbody, wetland and woodland characterized in terms of coefficient of determination (R2), yielding R² values of 0.80, 0.84, 0.86, 0.76, 0.62, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. The efficiency of Arsenite removal using rice husks as Activated Carbon improves as dosage and contact time increase. This study demonstrated that Arsenite concentration at sampled points is higher than the WHO limit and that Activated Carbon has the potential to remove Arsenite with efficiency of about 78%.
Climate change impacts on precipitation extremes: potential and perceived implications for water resources management across Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2025-11) Ebalu, Moses
Water resources are increasingly being affected quantitively by climate change impacts. This requires carefully planned adaptation measures. This study investigated climate change impacts on precipitation extremes indices, including the annual maximum series (AMS), Severe dry spell (MDS1). Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was used to characterise historical precipitation conditions. Output from the eight General Circulation Models (GCMs) was used to project climate change signals for the 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s. Bias of a GCM output over the historical period (1985-2014) was assessed in terms of the ratio of observed to the model’s output. The best result, indicating no bias, would be indicated by a ratio of 1. The perception of water users in the various Water Management Zones (WMZs) across Uganda was assessed. The AMS over the study period 1985-2014 ranged from about 45 mm/day to nearly 55 mm/day in Victoria and Upper Nile WMZs, respectively. The biases in reproducing observed AMS ranged from 0.06 (for MPI-ESM1-Ham in Kyoga WMZ) to 0.82 (for INM-CM5 in Victoria WMZ). The best performance was exhibited by ACCESS-CM2 being the sole exception, demonstrating nearly accurate AMS estimation in the Victoria WMZ with a bias of about 1.01. Future projections of AMS under SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 scenarios predict decreasing AMS in the Upper Nile WMZ (up to about 16% decline by 2090s) but increasing in Victoria WMZ up to about 60%. A survey (using questionnaire administered to water users of sample size n = 737) revealed that about 60% of respondents observed reduced precipitation, with approximately 48.1% expecting further declines. Nearly half (49.7%) cited extreme disruptions in rainfall timing, leading to agricultural losses and income reduction. Findings from both GCMs and the assessment of perceptions of water users show the need for carefully planned climate change adaptation in the various WMZs.
A comparative analysis on effectiveness of traditional and prism approach in project management on building construction : case of Enabel Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-10) Bikey, Francis Xaviour
Projects integrating Sustainable Methods (PRiSM) approach is critical in successful achievement of sustainability in project management on building construction projects. Building projects face complex challenges of balancing economic, social and environmental factors in their lifecycle for sustainability in constructions. Traditional approach caters majorly economic aspects neglecting social and environmental which are undertaken by PRiSM which is adopted by ENABEL necessitated this study to determine its effectiveness. The study establishes the environmental, social, and economic contribution of the PRiSM and traditional approaches on building construction projects. The descriptive research design with both quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted. The questionnaires were administered to 279 respondents to identify critical factors for Traditional and PRiSM approaches where Spearman was applied. The study interviewed 25 participants to identify strategies for improvement of PRiSM. SPSS version 24.0 developed mean where ranking was done to determine the critical factors using factor analysis. Results indicated that PRiSM approach ensured that employees and suppliers are satisfied with timely completion of project which cater for economic motive with two critical factors of stakeholders’ involvement and time management as well as quality design, environmental aspect was realized through harvesting of rainwater and protection of ecosystem to control pollution, social factors involved uptake of government intervention to prevent HIV/AIDs and provision of good working conditions. Traditional approach emphasizes profits, environment consider occupation management and social factors support use of local material and protection of ecosystem. Other findings indicated that PRiSM and traditional have moderate sign relationship (r= 0.571) on economic motives and negative relationship for environmental and social factors. Construction projects should adopt PRISM with inclusive participation of stakeholders in decision making, monitoring and evaluation and compliance on eco-system conservation regulations under an institutional framework. PRiSM approach emphasizes sustainability throughout project lifecycle with potential shift to reduce risk which lead to long-term value creation in construction industry.
Analysis of the effects of different types of welding electrodes on the integrity of Smaw-welded recycled steel in Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-11) Banura, Pascal
The mechanical performance of welded joints in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) of recycled steel are significantly influenced by the type of electrode used. Different welding electrodes produce varying mechanical and microstructural properties in the weld because each electrode introduces distinct thermal and metallurgical conditions during welding. This study examined the effects of different welding electrodes (E6013, E7018, and E7024) on the hardness, tensile strength (breaking load), and microstructural characteristics of SMAW-welded recycled steel with the aim of determining the optimal electrode for achieving a balance between strength, hardness, and ductility. Rockwell hardness tests, tensile strength tests, and microstructural examinations were performed on welds made on steel samples obtained from three steel manufacturers in Uganda. The findings revealed that the E6013 electrode produced welds that exhibited moderate hardness across all steel manufacturers while E7018 electrodes produced the highest breaking load (78.4kN) indicating superior tensile strength and ductility; whereas E7024 electrodes produced welds that exhibited the highest hardness value of 63.9 HRB but with lower breaking load (28.2kN) suggesting a more brittle nature. Furthermore, microstructural analysis confirmed that E7018 welds had fine-grained acicular ferrite and bainite which enhanced toughness while E7024 welds displayed coarse martensitic structures which increased hardness but reduced ductility. The results suggest that E7018 electrodes are ideal for load-bearing structural applications whereas E7024 electrodes are better suited for applications where hardness is prioritized over toughness. Although this study provides valuable insights into electrode selection, further study is needed to explore the effects of welding parameters, long-term durability, and alternative welding techniques to enhance the performance of SMAW-welded recycled steel.
Evaluating the mechanical performance of Kukui seed shells as coarse aggregates in light weight aggregate concrete
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2025-11) Bagombeka, Ancel
Uganda’s population growth, currently at 3.2% (UNhabitat, 2016), has increased the demand for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Concrete constitutes nearly 60% of construction materials on building sites (Aytekin et al., 2022), and aggregates contribute 70–85% of its total weight (Cement and Concrete Association of Australia, 2002). This places pressure on existing natural aggregate sources, creating the need for sustainable alternatives. Lightweight aggregates offer a potential solution, yet kukui seed shells (an organic and waste-derived option) have never been studied in the Ugandan context, despite their potential contribution to sustainable construction. This study adopted a combined experimental and numerical methodological framework to evaluate the suitability of kukui seed shells as lightweight aggregates. Mechanical characterization of the shells was followed by an experimental program in which normal aggregates were partially replaced with kukui seed shells at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% for both Half Seed Shells and Quarter Seed Shells. The resulting concrete mixes were assessed through mechanical and water absorption, Fire resistance and Thermal conductivity performance tests, while serviceability behaviour was analysed using ANSYS finite element simulations. The shells demonstrated satisfactory Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA), and soundness performance. Increasing the replacement percentage led to reductions in density, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and thermal conductivity. Quarter Seed Shell mixes generally outperformed Half Seed Shell mixes. Based on overall performance, a 50% replacement using Quarter Seed Shells is recommended, yielding a compressive strength of 25.1 MPa, thermal conductivity of 1.6 W/mK, and reduced density of 2,112 kg/m³, making it a viable lightweight concrete option for sustainable construction in Uganda.
Investigating the impact of Ruti Abattoir wastewater effluent on River Rwizi water quality
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2025-11) Atugasha, Den
The rapid population growth in developing countries including Uganda has increased food demand leading to high demand of meat from abattoirs. The abattoirs generate substantial amounts of solid waste and wastewater effluent during their operations. The discharge of untreated abattoir effluents into the environment leads to water pollution due to the high organic load to the environment. This study aimed at investigating the impact of Ruti abattoir wastewater effluent on the water quality of River Rwizi. Water samples were collected at the abattoir, downstream and upstream the point where the abattoir effluent enters River Rwizi. The samples were tested for total nitrogen and phosphorus, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Heavy metals such as nickel, arsenic, copper, chromium, iron, and mercury were also tested. The abattoir wastewater to open environment and flows to River Rwizi that increases COD levels of river water. The mean COD values at the abattoir 604.9±153.9 mg/l, upstream 83.0±3.1mg/l and downstream 252.3±61.4 mg/l. The COD level was above the National Environment Management Authority recommended water quality limit of 70mg/L. The use of raw and activated carbonised rice husks for the treatment of nitrate phosphate-polluted water studied. COD removal efficiencies increased with increase in contact time 5, 15 and 20 minutes were 79, 88, and 91%, respectively. Furthermore, COD efficiencies for dosages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g were 52, 65, 72, 74 and 91% respectively. Secondly, carbonised activated rice husks at dosage of 5 g and 20 minutes contact time in reducing COD. The study calls on the abattoir to improve on their wastewater management techniques and community to improve on existing water treatment methods used.
Procurement planning on construction project performance: factors affecting infrastructure projects in Kampala city
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2025-11) Asio, Martha Okiring
The procurement process involves recognizing the demands of a project, outlining its specifications, and securing the right contractors that are crucial for finishing a construction project successfully in terms of cost, schedule, and quality. In Uganda, there have been issues with procurement in terms of accountability, scheduling conflicts, and budget overruns in construction projects. This study looked at the effect of procurement planning and how it influences the success of construction projects. Procurement planning was studied as an independent variable to determine its effect on project performance. The dependent variable in this study was project performance, which was assessed based on time, cost, and quality using a descriptive survey research design. The data was collected from construction clients, contractors and consultants through questionnaires. The study findings established that contemporary procurement within construction projects incorporate planning phase prior to the initiation of bidding. Despite the implementation of these measures during the planning stage, a notable discrepancy exists as numerous construction projects experience delays, and cost overruns. The survey reveals a strong agreement on the necessity of assessing client needs at 78% and material assessment at 86% during the planning stage. It emphasizes the necessity for all stakeholders to synchronize these elements before the commencement of the bidding process, as they profoundly influence project cost, construction timeline, quality of the final deliverables, and overall customer satisfaction.
Experimental and numerical investigations of fire resistance of a hybrid slab
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2025-09) Asiimwe, Ronald Wilfred
In Uganda, there has been a growing use of hybrid slabs which include timber steel and concrete within floor systems. On the 26th of September 2022, the government of Uganda through the minister of works and transport issued a ban on building houses with hybrid slab floor systems until enough studies have been done to deem it safe as a construction method. Therefore, there was a need to conduct an experimental and numerical investigation on the performance of the hybrid slab when subjected to a fire. The experimental and numerical model parameters and specifications considered were obtained from the baseline study carried out on buildings, designers and contractors employing the use of hybrid floor systems in Uganda. A 4x3m slab model was built on a construction site in Katta, Wakiso district. The model was constructed with a 75mm concrete topping cast on expanded metal lathe fixed, on top of 100x100mm Eucalyptus grandis beams, spaced 600mm cc which were simply supported on I-beams top flanges. The I beam were supported by SHS 75x75x5mm columns at the ends. The I-beams were spaced 2000mm perpendicular to the 4m side. Burnt clay brick wall were constructed around the perimeter of the structure to keep the heat in. Three openings were constructed on the 4m side and two openings were constructed on the 3m side. Due to the unavailability of the large laboratory furnaces to carry out the experiment, a natural fire was considered as the fire scenario to be used for experimenting following Eurocode specifications. It was observed from the experimental setup that hybrid slab could with stand a natural fire for more than one hour with the ability to maintain its load carrying capacity. Numerical simulation was done using ABAQUS-CAE a Finite Element Model programme. Natural fire curve, ECPC, ASTME119 and ISO 834 fire curves were used for numerical simulation. The numerical natural fire curve observations were consistent with the experimental results. The hybrid slab therefore meets the east African code recommendations of one hour fire resistance without collapse based on natural fire tests and therefore can be used as a construction method. The ability of the slab to withstand fire action will depend among other factors the composite action between the timber and concrete therefore an investigation of the degree of composition between the timber and concrete was be determined considering three-inch wire nails and expanded metal lathe as shear connectors. Four test samples were cast according to Eurocode 4 for each of the connectors. A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to test the samples under monotonic loading, and linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) were used to measure slip. It was determined that both the nails and expanded metal lathe create partial composite action between the concrete and timber elements.

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