Masters Degree Dissertations

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Developing a maintenance management system for public buildings in district local governments of Uganda: a case of amuria district local government
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2020-11) Elolu, Eonya Julius
The practice of building maintenance is globally accepted as the most sustainable way to conserve buildings from deterioration. In most developing countries, costs incurred for assessment, repair and maintenance of buildings are principally met by the local governments other than insurance companies and yet the former have insufficient funds to cater for the challenges of maintenance of buildings. This study sought to develop a maintenance management system for public buildings in District Local Governments of Uganda. Published literature on building maintenance management systems, condition survey index, defects severity and their priorities on the need to rectify was reviewed. The methodology used in this study had mechanisms of collecting both primary and secondary data sources that included key informant interviews, observations, inspections and desk studies. The maintenance management system was used determine the components to be maintained by ranking. This was premised on the severity of defects using a Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDM) that was based on the principals of Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). During the study, condition assessment of buildings was conducted using an assessment tool and the staff that were involved in the management of buildings were interviewed. The findings showed that visual observation was the common mechanism used for condition assessment of building components due to the limited allocation maintenance activities in the development budgets. The common defects that affected components of the buildings were mostly cracks, surface deterioration, moisture ingress and debonding which was attributed to the social behavior of users and environmental factors. Most components were in good condition that required regular routine maintenance and a few were dilapidated and required immediate attention. This study recommended that District Local Governments need to establish the Maintenance Management System and regularly conduct condition assessments to inform the planning and budgeting of the built asset portfolio. Key Words: Maintenance, Defects, Components, Assessment, Management System
Assessment of variation in treated water quality and linkage to possible intrusion of contaminants in makindye division, Kampala, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2022-10) Twine, Pamela
Good drinking water quality is essential for human well-being. However, water quality in the distribution network tends to be affected at points of leakages through intrusion by pathogens. Maintenance of water tanks also tends to be very irregularly undertaken. The study was carried out through field surveys and data collection. This study aimed at assessing the extent to which the variation in treated water quality could be linked to possible intrusion of contaminants. Makindye Division, Kampala, Uganda was selected as the case study. The study had three specific objectives including: i) assessment of temporal variation in water quality parameters, ii) investigating variation of water quality parameters in space, and iii) determining the possibility of intrusion of contaminants along distribution networks. The research utilised both primary and secondary data for the distribution and storage tanks. With help of the Cochran formula, a sample size was obtained. For primary data, Samples were collected utilizing both Insitu and laboratory measurements for both direct connections and storage tanks. A questionnaire was also used to obtain data from the selected households and direct connections with analysis done in Excel. In objective 1, Turbidity was found to increase with time from 2015 to 2019 at a rate of 0.l45NTU per year. The highest turbidity values were obtained in 2018. Colour increased at a rate of l. l 8PtCo per year. Residual chlorine for the period 2015-2018 had an increasing trend at a rate of 0.0247mg/l/yr and was found highest in 2018. The month of March recorded the highest residual chlorine while the month of May recorded the lowest residual chlorine. pH was found to fall within the standard limits of 6.5 - 8.5. However, over the period 2015 to 2019, pH exhibited a decreasing trend at a rate of -0 .032 per year. In objective 2, the mean values of turbidity in water sampled from direct connections and storage tanks were 0.76±0.38NTU and 5.96±3.8NTU respectively. The average colour of water from the direct connections was 8±4.lPtCo while that of the storage tanks had 57±20.5 PtCo. Colour of water from the direct connections and storage tanks showed significant differences with p = l .74333E-l 0. The mean of residual chlorine in water sampled from direct connections was found to be 0.56±0. l 6mg/I while that from storage tanks was 0.25±0.13mg/1. Using the t-test, these mean values were found to be significantly different (p<0.05). In objective 3, the number of people who do not clean their tanks in the study area was found to be 58% of the study population. Those who clean their water storage tanks after one year or six months was found to constitute 43% of the sampled water users. Water storage tanks which are not cleaned or regularly maintained can be a potential source of contamination of water at consumer points. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the water quality in the distribution network and at draw off points for most of the parameters attributed to factors like; approximate of drainage systems (35%), toilets (30%), garbage pits (25%) and main road (48%). The number of leakages in the study area between 2016 and 2019 was found to be 4852 which exhibited a positive trend at a rate of 42 leakages per year. Whereas the significant difference (p<0.05) between water in the storage tanks and direct connection draw offs could have been due to leakages, none routine cleaning of storage tanks and the use storage tanks without covers. Kawuku and Soya villages were the most affected areas in terms of water quality distributed to them and this could be attributed to the connection on the dead end of the pipes. Leakage monitoring and management should be prioritized with constant sensitization of water users on how to clean tanks and maintain good water quality. Key words; Trend, water quality, water pollution, pipe leakages, water contamination.
Critical success factors influencing project performance of local road contractors in Uganda: a case study of selected districts in north eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Awoii, Ahmad Okwir
This research established critical success factors determining project performance of local road contractors in the selected districts in north eastern Uganda. Local road contractors face challenges of time overrun, which leads to cost overrun, poor quality performance, leading to client dissatisfaction. In order to overcome these challenges, this research sought; to establish factors that impact on project execution of local road construction companies, to ascertain the effects of the established factors on road project implementation and to develop a framework to improve road project performance. A descriptive investigative research design was used, with mixed methods. The study population consisted of contractors, supervising engineers, client representatives, District/Town Engineer, local leaders and civil society organizations from which a sample size of 69 respondents was selected using simple random and purposive sampling methods. Questionnaire survey and interviews were the methods for data collection. Data were later analysed using relative importance index (RII) and regression analysis. The study examined a total of four factors and established that funding, ethical practices and technical capacity are the major critical factors that influence the performance of local road projects while managerial efficiency had no critical effect. It was further established that funding, ethical practices and technical capacity have significant (p<0.05) impact on road project performance, from which a framework to improve on performance of local road contractors was developed. The study concluded that critical success factors are; technical capacity, financial capacity and ethical practices. Key words; Success Factors, Projects, Performance, Local Road Contractors, Districts, North Eastern Uganda.
The distribution and bundance of endangered desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and its conservation measures in katakwi district
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2022-10) Asiku, Jimmy
The global importance of Indigenous Fruit Trees as natural resource to meet the nutritional, health and socio-economic needs of rural communities cannot be ignored. Balanites aegyptiaca is among the most frequently used IFTs by local communities in Africa for food and medicine. This study was therefore conducted to understand the distribution, abundance, utilization, regeneration and conservation measures of Balanite aegyptiaca in Katakwi district. The objectives were to understand the; (i) distribution; ii) abundance and its associated species; (iii) utilization, methods of harvesting and land use land cover change effect on its generation and (iv) conservation and management practices. Quadrats were established to determine the distribution, abundance, and regeneration while Focus Group Discussion, questionnaires, observations, and photography were used to collect data on utilization, methods of harvesting threats, regeneration, conservation and management practices. GIS/Remote Sensing was used to obtain satellite imageries to depict land use land cover status of study area. Data was analyzed in SPPS and excel. Distribution was analysed from diameter at breast height (dbh) data while abundance was analysed by comparing different species data. Descriptive statistics such as mean was used to analyse utilization and conservation measure. The result showed thatBalanites aegyptiaca with large dbh (33, 29 and 25) were the most distributed and low abundance of Balanites aegyptiaca was recorded compared to the Vitex madiensis L. and Acacia seyal Del. Further, relative dominance was a significant predictor for rate of Balanites aegyptiaca harvested while distribution and abundance were not. There was a 55.5% increase in the mean number of trees harvested for each extra abundant species available. A significant number of respondents (68.6%) agreed that Balanites aegyptiaca is utilized by communities. A strong positive correlation existed between regeneration and, cutting down (r=0.850, p=0.003) and cutting off branches methods (r=0.768, p=0.01) while no correlation existed between picking the leaves directly (r=O, p=0.05) and climbing to pick the leaves (r=O, p=0.05). Balanites aegyptiaca is mainly used for food, medicine, source of income and fuel. The conservation measures included sensitization clan byelaws, cultural norms, controlled grazing and on farm retention. The study concluded that the distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca in study area is dominated by mature/old trees. There is low abundance of Balanites aegyptiaca as compared to Vitex madiensis and Vitex madiensis. The forest cover change over the years has reduced and other land uses are taking over. The local communities significantly utilized Balanite aegyptiaca to improve their socio-economic status. In general, the local community was worried that Balanite aegyptiaca population was reducing and fear it will get extinct if the current trend of harvesting cannot be reversed. Alternative sources of livelihoods need to be sought for the community to give the tree an opportunity to regenerate. The study recommended that the community needs to be supported to promote Balanites aegyptiaca into dry land agroforestry systems, the less harmful methods of harvesting needs to be promoted. Further study needs conducted to understand the Balanites aegyptiaca distribution along moisture gradient of the landscape which may offer an opportunity to restore degraded wetlands and a detailed study to assess its genetic diversity is needed to ascertain which sub species is more threatened to prioritize conservation efforts.
Enhancing phosphorous removal from wastewater using polyphosphate accumulating organisms from different waste streams
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Ssempala, Andrew Bbumba
Enhanced Biological Phosphorous Removal process has worldly been accredited for its efficiency m removing phosphorous from different wastewater treatment plants. This study focused on Enhancing Phosphorous Removal from wastewater using Polyphosphate Accumulation Organisms present in the Bugolobi wastewater treatment plant, Kampala city abattoir and Uganda Breweries limited. Wastewater from the Bugolobi wastewater treatment plant, Kampala Abattoir and Uganda Breweries Limited was assessed to establish a suitable source of the Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms. The effect of inoculation of Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms rich wastewater on Phosphorous removal in domestic wastewater was evaluated. Microbial tests isolated the bacteria present in the collected wastewater samples and thereafter Desoxyribonucleic Acid extraction from the bacterial broth was done. The extracted Desoxyribonucleic Acid was stored followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis using a nano drop. Microbial tests identified 16 different species of bacteria in the groups: firmicutes; High gram positive, β-proteobacteria α-proteobacteria and y-proteobacteria. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain was noted to be the dominate bacteria that accumulated more phosphorous. Different working conditions that enable phosphorus accumulating bacteria to thrive were also determined and amendments of phosphorus accumulating bacteria working condition gave an overall significant difference with acetate as the best carbon source, 25°C as the best optimum temperature and pH 7 for their activity. Of the three wastewater sources, Kampala city abattoir was found to have the most Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms. Efficient phosphorous removal in the Enhanced Biological Phosphorous Removal system is highly dependent on Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms suppressing Glycogen Accumulating Organisms. KEYWORDS: Wastewater, Wastewater characteristics, Polyphosphate accumulating organisms
Effect of land use activities on water quality, soil and vegetation cover for the conservation of nsooba lubigi drainage system, Kampala City
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-07) Igunga, Kennedy
Human activities such as agriculture, rural-urban development, industrialization as well as excessive deforestation cause land-use changes associated with water pollution and consequently degradation of the natural vegetation and soil resource. This study, thus, sought to assess the impact of such land use activities on water quality, soil and vegetation cover on Nsooba Lubigi drainage system. The study used quantitative research design where the physical-chemical characteristics of soil and water samples along the catchment area were determined by American Public Health Association standard analytical methods. The actual effect of human activities on land use and vegetation coverage was assessed using image acquisition and processing using GIS. A minimum of 48 water samples and 48 soil samples were collected from designated locations within Nsooba Lubigi drainage system and stored in Duran bottles, ready for analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H-test, Fisher's exact test and ANOVA F-test were applied to analyze the obtained data. Results showed that the parameters differed significantly by stream (p < 0.05). The parameter concentrations of land-use types of wetland, built up areas and agriculture were EC (537.5 μs/cm, 472.5 μs/cm and 272.50 μs/cm), TDS(309.00 mg/I, 352.00 mg/I and 155.00 mg/I), TP (0 .84mg/l, 0.82 mg/I and 0.53 mg/I), TN (8.05mg/l, 11.27 mg/I and5.96mg/l), BOD (5.75 mg/I, 14.00 mg/I and 8.75 mg/I), COD (41.00 mg/I, 49.50mg/I and 42.00 mg/I), TSS (25.00 mg/I, 42.00 mg/I and 10.00 mg/I) and TOC (16.70 mg/I, 20.50 mg/I and 5.65 mg/I). E coli and Total Coliforms concentrations for wetland, built up areas and agriculture were 317.50 CFU/ml, 384.00 CFU/ml and 586.50 CFU/ml; and 912.00 CFU/ml, 1481.00 CFU/ml and 1265.00 CFU/ml respectively. Lead and Cadmium values for wetland, built up areas and agriculture for were 0.614 mg/kg, 0.356 mg/kg and 0.495 mg/kg; and 0.002 mg/kg, 0.005 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg respectively. Wetland coverage declined by approximately 5 hectares (47.2% to 14.58%) whereas bare land declined from 14.5% in 1998 down to 7% by 2018. Land-use activity had a significant effect on land cover area with built-up area observed to be higher than area under agriculture and bare land. In conclusion, this study identified human activities as the main drivers for decline in water quality, soil quality and vegetation cover change within Nsooba Lubigi drainage system. This calls for urgent attention by responsible authorities such as NEMA, KCCA and sensitization of surrounding communities on the benefits of this catchment area.
Assessment of membranes used in drying faecal sludge to minimise the sand take-away in the sludge drying beds
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Ngabirano, Deneth
Sludge drying beds provide sludge dewatering by allowing the liquid to both drain under gravity through a permeable medium on which the sludge sits, and to evaporate under ambient conditions. Lubigi plant with 19 sludge drying beds handles faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks separately for sludge dewatering. Clogging in filter beds and sand membrane material is challenging as it continues to get off with dry sludge cakes. The study's main aim was to assess different membranes used in faecal sludge drying to minimise the sand layer takeaway in the sludge drying beds at Lubigi Faecal Sludge and Wastewater Treatment Plant. This study analysed the chemical and physical characteristics of faecal sludge in the existing and unplanted drying beds at Lubigi. A pilot-scale dewatering facility was designed and constructed with four unplanted sludge drying beds (A, B, C, and D) with a one m2 effective drying area. The cumulative percolate was measured following a non-uniform time interval of 5, 10, 30, 60, 180, 360, 720, and 1440 minutes. This lasted for ten days until the faecal sludge was dewatered entirely. Five raw faecal sludge samples collected from different points of the existing and operating beds were analysed using the Makerere University laboratory. The cake samples had average weights ranging from 0.48 to 46.98% of the respective chemical elements. Carbon and oxygen had the highest weight ratios of 46.96% and 36.73%, whereas sodium had the lowest, with 0.48% in all elements, respectively. Low sodium content implies low alkaline indices in the faecal sludge, which is desirable. Additionally, moisture content (ranging from 73.68% to 75.91 % by mass, mean= 74.81±1.11 %), sand content (between 17.43% (89.62 g) and 19.66% (118.08 g), mean = 18.344±0.86%) and calorific value (between 2846.38 kcal/kg to 3185.46 kcal/kg. Sand (Bed A) exhibited the highest mean dewatering rates with a peak of 502 mm after 4.5 hrs, followed by pavers with 416 mm after 7.5 hrs, nylon with 384 mm in 4.5 hrs and lastly, hessian with 59mm after 20hrs. The efficiency shows that hessian, nylon and pavers were efficient (R2 = 0.632, 0.592, and 0.540), followed by sand (R2 = 0.491). All membranes had a very significant correlation between dewatering time (t min) and percolate (Q ml), p < 0.05 based on a> 95% confidence level. Nevertheless, nylon expedited average filtration rates at all times compared to the rest of the media. This is because its cake yielded moderate moisture, sand, and calorific values compared to the rest of the media hence optimised. Nylon filter media was optimised based on different gauge sizes of 1.0 mm (reference size) (Bed A), 0.5 mm (Bed B), and 2.00 mm (Bed C). The average dewatering times of the filter media in Beds A, B, and C were 5, 60, 180, and 360 minutes, respectively. Bed C (2.0 mm) had the highest flow rate (156.61 ml) but the lowest sand content (82.14%, 85.16%), Bed B (0.5mm) had the lowest flow rate (49.09 ml) and the highest levels of moisture content (86.91 %, 90.92%) and Bed A (1.00mm) had the intermediate flowrate (83.37 ml), moisture (83.28%, 87.28%), sand (13.24%, 14.8%, and calorific value (2745.12 Kcal/kg, 2600.12 Kcal/kg). These were determined based on the size of holes in the filter media, hence recommending the 1.00 mm nylon gauge. Keywords: Calorific value, Dewatering, Faecal Sludge, Lubigi, Moisture Content, Optimisation, Sludge Drying Beds and Sand Content.
The locally designed water treatment technology for a vehicle washing bay’s effluent in Wakiso district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2022-10) Kansiime, Baker
Vehicle washing is a very lucrative industry that is rapidly growing in Uganda due to the increased demand for transport services. In an event of washing vehicles, a lot of water is used that transform into waste water. Therefore, the study focused mainly on quantifying the daily volume of water used, characterizing the pollutants, designing waste water treatment technology and quantifying volume of water recovered. The study used a jerrycan model, Auto card to implement and design the technology, and used Microsoft Excel and R data analysis to organize and analyze data. Daily, 29.3±6 saloon vehicles of weight less than 3.5 tons and 9.4±3.3 heavy truck vehicles of weight at least 3.5 tons and more were washed. However, 4,841±314 litres of water were used daily 97.2±26 litres of water for each saloon vehicle and 212±48 litres for each heavy truck. The designed technology was effective in treatment of the vehicle washing bay waste water for turbidity from (1139±13.4 NTU to 57.5±24.1 NTU), TSS (2878±2.5 mg/l to 46±25.8 mg/l), COD (458±2.5 mg/l to 46±7.3 mg/l), orthophosphates (5±0.5 mg/l to 1.86±0.375±0.5 mg/l) and TDS (107±18.8 mg/l to 96.7±4.33), EC (413±24.3 μS/cm to 372±16) and pH (7 ±0.3 to 7.58±0.21) conforming to the recommended waste water discharge standards at 100% (NEMA, 2014). However, pH, EC and TDS values were within the recommended waste water discharge standards before treatment. In summary, 80% of the waste water was recovered as treated water and 20% of waste water lost by the treatment system. In conclusions, the waste water from Vehicle washing bays is polluted with pollutants levels that do not qualify it to be discharged into the environment without treatment. Therefore, there is a need to adopt a locally designed constructed wetland technology in the treatment and recycling of waste water from the vehicle washing bays, for both environmental protection and reuse.
Assessment of the effect of variation on the performance of paved road projects in Uganda- a case of Uganda national roads maintenance program-Rwenzori region
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Lukala, Justine
The Ugandan government has outlined infrastructure development as government priority. However, escalation in cost and time overruns of paved road projects is leading to lower density of roads network. This study was conducted in the Rwenzori region in Uganda considering Kyenjojo – Fort Portal (50km) road, Fort Portal – Hima (55km) road, Hima - Katunguru (58km) road and Katunguru - Ishaka (58km) road rehabilitated under Uganda National Roads Maintenance Program. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey questionnaires from a sample size of 79 elements and documentary reviews. Data on causes of variation, impacts and mitigation strategy actions were analyzed using IBM SPSS and ranked through mean item scores. The study revealed that delayed issuing of approval documents, changes in scope of works and changes in design were the highly ranked client’s causes of variation. Changes in design, design flaws and delayed decision making were common with consultant whereas poor coordination and project management, delayed acquisition of permits and shortage of skilled manpower were highly ranked contractor’s causes. Delayed project completion, increased project cost and rework and demolitions were the highly ranks impacts of variation. The mitigation strategy actions to control variation and enhance performance were; adequate planning and availability of fund before works start on site, detailed site investigation at pre-construction stage while comprehensive design and financial reviews, client expedite approvals and decision making were recommended at construction stage. In Project performance (PP) model, impacts of variation (Iv) ranked highest with 34.08%, followed by mitigation strategy to control variation (Mv): 33.27%, then causes of variation (Cv): 32.65%. The research recommends a study on developing an appropriate approach of capturing data with regard to variation in paved road rehabilitation projects. Key words: Variation, Paved roads, Project performance, Model, Rwenzori Region
Investigation of the suitability of concrete infilled bamboo for structural performance in compression for low-cost building
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Okuda, James Gowon
Various Engineering Scholars and Building construction materials and researchers have been doing experiments on investigating properties of Plain Bamboo, Concrete infilled Bamboo composite, and use of Bamboo to replace reinforcements in Concrete. Little has been disseminated on the Concrete infilled Bamboo with various concrete mix ratios. There are scarce and scanty documented and published information relating to the structural properties of Concrete infilled Bamboo as composite material. It is urgent to venture and understand through experimental investigations the Structural Properties of Concrete infilled bamboo to understand its structural properties to proof reliable usage when designing low-cost buildings, especially when considering axial compressive loading. Bamboo grows fast, and its readily available natural resource, with proven high strength and low weight to height ratio. For decades, Bamboo has been used as a rural building construction, and with recent innovations for domestic furniture. With recent research and innovations to look for alterative building materials to substitute concrete and steel, Bamboo Mechanical and structural properties have proven ideal for construction especially for low-cost houses units. Its major short fall however remains buckling, which is limits their usage in buildings subjected to compressive loads. This thesis outlines an experimental approach to investigate the properties, specifically the compressive strength when bamboo is infilled with concrete to form a composite material. Experimental investigation and results of the compressive strength of concrete infilled composite, with different concrete grades subjected to loads was experimentally investigated to appreciate the compressive strength of Concrete infilled Bamboo at different Bamboo samples lengths. This research mainly was based to assess the compressive strength of plane Bamboo, and concrete infilled Bamboo using varying concrete grades. The positive results from the experiment can outline an avenue and evidence for its suitability in expanding the usage of Bamboo as a construction material for low-cost shelter constructions. In this research paper, the compressive strength of plane Bamboo and concrete infilled Bamboo with concrete grades C12/15, C16/20 and C20/25 was investigated. Overall, there was marked improvement on the compressive strength of Concrete infilled bamboo culms. For Experimental tests done on plain Bamboo, the failure load was found to be decreasing with increasing Bamboo sample lengths. The axial load capacity of plain Bamboo at 0.2m sample length is 26.4% more than that at 1m length. Concrete infilled Bamboo with C15, C20 and C25 led to an increment of 58.7%, 103% and 139.1% of the compressive strength capacity compared to plain bamboo culms sample test length at 1m respectively; and 54.4%, 77.6% and 100.8% at Sample lengths of 0.2m. Concrete infills greatly improves the load capacity of identical bamboo culms. The failure load capacity was increasing when Bamboo sample lengths were infilled with Concrete, and the Load carrying capacity increases when Bamboo was infilled with concrete of higher grades. Bamboo infilled with concrete grade C25 has a large failure load than that infilled with concrete grade C20 and C15, signifying a higher ductility behaviour. From the study therefore, it can be concluded that concrete infill in bamboo can delay the buckling of the culms, and thus significantly improves the compressive strength capacity and ductility. There were observed differences between the experimental and the theoretical results of concrete infilled Bamboo. The difference in results could have come as experimental results were derived from actual laboratory experiments on the plain Bamboo and concrete infilled Bamboo under study. Theoretical “results" was just an application of the latest theories, formulae, and references on confined concrete to try to predict how it works, assuming its relative structural behaviour and performance. Finally, this research can be a resource for reference and formulating further innovations in Structural Engineering design to use Concrete infilled Bamboo composite as a building materials properties understood for effective design, repeatability, adoption for conventional construction and maintenance to meet the current need for innovative and new building materials. Key words: Plain Bamboo, Concrete infilled Bamboo, Compressive strength.
Investigating risks management on construction projects in Uganda: a contractor’s perspective
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Akunobere, Jacob
In order to successfully manage construction projects, contractors must effectively manage risks involved on these projects. Construction projects typically include an arbitrary contingency number of 10% to control risk, which does not adequately handle the unidentified risks that have an impact on contractors. This study sought to investigate how risk management is handled on building projects. Eighty respondents from carefully chosen contractors in the Masindi District and central Kampala were taken into consideration in order to collect empirical data for the study. The research methodology used in the study was descriptive. In order to facilitate respondents' comprehension and enable correct responses, the data was gathered using self-administered questionnaires that included both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Regression analysis, means, and frequency tables were used to examine the data. The study identified the following as common risks related to the execution of construction projects; negligence in inspection, labor and resource shortages site conditions, inadequate project management and unknown site conditions. The study established that the risk of project cost overruns had the highest effect associated with implementation of construction projects. Other risk factors with high effect included: schedule delays, loss of company's reputation, slow business growth, high labor turnover and poor-quality output. A contractor’s risk management tool was developed as a regression equation; which can be used to track the effects of risk management in construction projects. It is envisaged that this tool will guide project managers in decision making on which parameters to pay more attention to in implementation of projects. Key words: Risk, Management, Construction Projects, Contractor, regression.
Impact of construction contract type on project time and cost performance in Ugandan local governments: a case of Kiryandongo district
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Niyonzima, Emmanuel
The construction contract describes the number of works, obligations, rights, and highlighting risks between parties. The inability to fulfill the responsibilities described in the contract on time and budget has worsened globally hence becoming a chronic problem. The researcher therefore intended to examine the impact of construction contract type performance of project in terms of duration and cost in Ugandan local governments considering a case of Kiryandongo district. A research design that was adopted employed qualitative in cooperation with quantitative techniques. Collection of data was done in Kiryandongo district and analyzed using SPSS statistical application. The study established that the most common type of construction contract type is the old-style construction contract. In the same way, opinion of the respondents generally showed that there’s marginal to moderate impact of the two construction contract types on cost and time performance. Combining old-style and unified construction contracts offer a better time performance, as supported by 34 (54.8%) respondents. Traditional construction contract type in addition, gives a better cost performance evidenced by 35 (56.5%) respondents and as such over 32 (51.6%) of respondents recommended the use of traditional construction contract type as opposed to integrated construction contract type. The time and cost performance monitoring tool for construction contract projects was developed as: Z=-20.236+2.265CT+1.406CO+0.612BE; where Z is a time and cost performance, a dependent variable, CT is completion time, CO is cost overruns and BE is budget estimates. The developed model will assist in monitoring traditional in cooperation with integrated construction contract type projects. Key words: Construction, Contract, Time and Cost performance.
Investigating the performance of rural road drainage systems in Uganda: a case study of Katakwi district
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Echatu, Andrew
This study was carried out to investigate the performance of rural road drainage systems in Uganda, a case study of Katakwi district roads. Specifically, the study covered the assessment of the current state of rural road drainage condition; the factors affecting the performance of rural road drainage systems, and the development of sustainable drainage management solutions for rural roads. The study adopted the analytical research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches to the research. Data was collected from 15 roads using observation methods and photography. The study established that none of the rural roads surveyed had good drainage systems. The findings show that 18 per cent of the drainage systems were in a bad state which means that they were in danger of failure or had already failed. Furthermore, the majority of the entire rural road drainage systems i.e. 68 per cent were in a poor state or needed major interventions, while only 14 per cent were in a fair state which was an indication of the requirement for minor interventions. The study also observed that the key factors affecting the performance of the drainage systems of key roads in Katakwi district included poor land use, topography, poor workmanship and construction practices, lack of or inadequate maintenance and flooding. However, the major factor contributing to the poor status of the drainages were lack of proper designs and lack of maintenance. The design for the improvement of the drainage system focused on road side drains for Korikori-Kapujan. The design which included estimation of catchment areas, calculation of design discharge and hydraulic design was done with a result of a trapezoidal section with bottom width of 200mm, depth of 300mm, and side slopes of 1:1. The study recommended that maintenance practices should be given priority; this includes removal and cleaning up of the drains. This can be achieved by increasing budgetary allocation for maintenance. KEY WORDS: (Drainage, rural road, performance, culverts, design)
Effect of increased heavy metal toxicity on the quality of vermicomposted biosolids: (a case study of sludge from bugolobi and lubigi wastewater treatment plants)
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Mafabi, Grace
Sewage sludge management is one of the current global environmental issues. In many developing countries like Uganda, the problem is amplified due to uncontrolled and untreated industrial effluents. This tends to increase heavy metal toxicity of wastewater and consequently that of sewage sludge thereby posing danger to human health and the environment. This research explored means of stabilising such sewage sludge of increased heavy metal toxicity through vermicomposting to allow for safe disposal. Sewage sludge samples were picked from Bugolobi and Lubigi sewage treatment plants and tested for quality and bio-safety. An optimal earthworm stocking density for sewage sludge vermicomposting was determined using 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.5kgworms/square meter of exposed surface area of vermicompost bins. Using an optimal earthworm stocking density, vermicomposting of sewage sludge at higher heavy metal concentration was carried out and the resulting biosolids assessed with respect to their Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Organic Carbon, Carbon-Nitrogen ratio, faecal coliforms, and electro-conductivity. The results from the tests were compared with standards for organic fertilizers set by Uganda National Bureau of Standards. The results indicated the presence of faecal coliforms, Lead levels, and Electro-conductivity beyond maximum permissible limits. The characteristic of sewage sludge was observed to improve with age while sewage sludge from Lubigi treatment plant which predominantly receives domestic waste water exhibited relatively better characteristics in comparison to sludge from Bugolobi treatment plant. Earthworm stocking density had significant influence on the level of faecal coliforms and electro-conductivity of vermicompost. The research ascertained that a stocking density of 2.5kgworms/m2 was optimal for sewage sludge vermicomposting. Heavy metal toxicity was observed to cause earthworm mortality beyond 0.0021 moles of Lead in sewage sludge. Increased bio-accumulation of heavy metals Lead and Zinc in earthworms was observed at higher heavy metal concentrations. Vermicomposting at higher heavy metal toxicity levels yielded better quality biosolids in terms of bio-safety and quality except for increment in concentration of the spiked metals and electro-conductivity. Further research, therefore, on speciation of spiked heavy metal concentrations after vermicomposting is recommended in order to conclusively ascertain the absence of any potential threat of such vermicompost to the environment. Keywords: - Vermicomposting, Heavy metal, Toxicity, Biosolid, Sludge, Stocking density
Supply pressure and quality of water along distribution network of small supply scheme: a case of Mukono district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Ntumwa, Jamiru
The main objective was to assess the variation of water quality with water pressure along the supply network in small water systems in Mukono District. To achieve this, an assessment of the variation of pressure was done, water quality along the supply chain was assessed, and the relationship between water pressure and quality variation was validated. A sample of 95 questionnaires were distributed. Water pressure and water quality samples were collected at the same points created on the network specifically at the production wells, transmission and distribution and at the customer meter points. Eight water quality Parameters were selected and tested during the study (i.e. Potential of Hydrogen, Dissolved Oxygen (PH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Coliforms (TC), Apparent color, Turbidity, and Residual Chlorine). The results showed that, all the water quality parameters indicated quality variation as water traveled into the supply system. However, some had significant increase, decrease and others had insignificant variation with water pressure. PH, DO, TDS, EC, TC, Apparent color, Turbidity and Residual Chlorine recorded; 0.765 & 0.255, 0.655 & 0.23, 0.577 & 0.492, 0.592 & 0.492, 0.53 & 0.08, 0.951 &0.0311, and 0.841 & 0.932 significant values in Nakifuma and KKN network systems respectively. PH, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Coliforms recorded negative correlation with pressure (i.e.-0.184 & -0.63, -0.339 & -0.411, -0.327 & -0.411, and -0.327 & -0.411), whereas Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, and Apparent color showed positive correlation (i.e. 0.96 & 0.51, 0.038 & 0.912 and 0.402 & 0.964) in both Nakifuma and KKN) small water systems respectively varying with water pressure. Residual Chlorine recorded negative correlation in KKN (i.e. 0.125) and positive correlation in Nakifuma (i.e. -0.499). In order to attain an equilibrium of water residual pressure and safe quality water in small water system, water quality parameters should be maintained in the desired ranges, i.e. PH = (6.5-8.8)mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen = (6.5 – 8)mg/l, Total Dissolved Solids = < 300mg/l, Electrical Conductivity = < 400μs/cm, Turbidity = < 1NTU, Apparent Color = 5<15(PtCo), Total Coliforms = <0.0(Cfu/100m/l), residual chlorine = (0.2<0.5)mg/l. Water pressures supplied should be above 10<160m and maintained to prevent pressure variations causing intrusion of contamination into the water system due to occurrence of network failures. Key words: Water Pressure, Water quality, Variation, Mukono District, Nakifuma, Kabembe-Kalagi-Naggalama.
Comparative analysis of occupational health and safety practices in international and indigenous construction companies in Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Byagweri, Sam
The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance of construction companies has been declining in recent years, resulting in high employee turnover and decreased productivity. The study examined the OHS practices and their impact on employee performance in Indigenous and International Construction Companies in Uganda. A comparative analysis was conducted using a case study approach, focusing on Roko Construction Limited Uganda and China Communications Construction Company (CCCC). The research design adopted was a cross-sectional survey, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A sample of 265 respondents from ROKO and 278 from CCCC were selected, and data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson coefficient and regression analysis. Study findings revealed that both case studies had implemented OHS practices and faced challenges in implementation of these practices. The most implemented OHS practices by both companies were: Safety responsibilities associated with work were clearly spelt out and all machinery regularly checked and inspected. The highly faced challenges in implementing these practices were: high training costs, lack of management support, and low employee involvement. It was revealed that there was a weak positive correlation between OHS and employee performance at ROKO and CCCC with a correlation coefficient of 0.344 and 0.219 respectively. The study concluded that in both indigenous and international construction companies, there is a relatively significant impact of OHS practices on employee performance. The study recommends regular training on safety, and implementation to be conducted by a Safety Committee, hazard and risk information should be shared widely. Similar research can be conducted to evaluate the OHS practices in the Oil extraction stages in Uganda. Key words: Occupational, Health, Safety, Performance, indigenous, construction.
Improving slow sand filtration through sand depth optimization and lead removal using zeolite: case of Kamuli water treatment plant
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Emmanuel, Okello
Globally, there are increasing challenges related to physiochemical and bacteriological contamination often met in provision of safe water for human consumption. Eventually, increasing access to portable water ranked high on the United Nation’s 2030 agenda. This study focused on improving slow sand filter through optimization of the filter medium depth and the use of zeolite to remove lead from water. Kamuli water treatment plant was considered as the case study. In characterizing raw water from the dam as intake, the minimum and maximum turbidity values recorded during the four months were 3 and 103 NTU before treatment, 1 and 48 NTU were recorded after treatment, respectively. The existing Kamuli water treatment plant exhibited turbidity removal efficiencies in the range of 0 – 26%. To optimize the filter medium for turbidity removal, four different sand depths including 400, 650, 900 and 1150mm were considered in a down scaled physical system setup. Synthetic turbid water with turbidity levels from 5 NTU to 120 NTU were considered to characterize the turbidities recorded from the raw water. The different set ups of sand depths were individually evaluated for system performances. The 400mm and 650mm depths had average removal efficiencies of 81.8% and 85.7%, respectively. However, the 900mm and 1150mm had removal efficiencies of 90% and 93.7%, respectively. Different models in terms of exponential, logarithmic, linear and polynomial functions were used to describe the variation of final turbidity after raw water filtration with sand depths. The models were assessed in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and the cost of the sand to achieve the required 5 NTU based on the World Health Organization guideline for turbidity. The values of MSE for exponential, logarithmic, linear and polynomial models were 0.4758, 0.4078, 0.6535 and 0.3848, respectively. The corresponding costs of sand to achieve the optimal depth based on the models were 2,880, 3,300, 3,235 and 2,915 Uganda shillings, respectively. For a given contact time, efficiency of lead removal increased with increasing mass of zeolite added to water. This was true especially for contact time greater 40 minutes. For instance, the efficiencies of lead removal using zeolite of 1, 3, 5 and 7 grams at a contact time of 80 minutes were 81.8, 90.8, 92.7 and 100%, respectively. However, at a 40-minute contact time, the lead removal efficiency increased as zeolite mass was varied from 1g to 5g and thereafter it decreased. Thus, the optimal removal of lead was at contact time of 40 minutes using zeolite mass of 5g with removal efficiency of 98%. This study therefore, demonstrated potential of zeolite in lead removal.
Assessment of risk management in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda: a case of Kampala city
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Draleti, Gerald
The cost performance of construction projects is a key success factor. However, risks in construction projects make exact budgetary requirements difficult to forecast accurately resulting in underestimation and overestimation. Inaccurate cost estimates have further resulted in unnecessary financial loss to the project stakeholders and loss of reputation and trustworthiness of construction professionals. In Uganda, risk factors are either ignored or subjectively taken care of by simply allowing a contingency figure ranging from 0% to 10% of the project cost. This method is sometimes unreliable and difficult to justify to the project owners. Therefore, there is need for a risk-based cost estimation method that is reliable and justifiable. The purpose of this study was to improve risk management in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda. The risk factors in cost estimation were identified through detailed literature review and then their effect in cost estimation was assessed using severity index. The study revealed that the risk factors with the most severe effects in cost estimation were: inflation, proficiency in estimating, cost of materials, incomplete design and specification, fraudulent practices and kickbacks. The importance index of all the risk factors was computed based on their severity index and frequency index so as to rank them. The study further revealed that the five most important risk factors were: cost of materials, inflation, fraudulent practices and kickbacks, incomplete scope definition, incomplete design and specification. The study proposes a model for risk-based cost estimation that was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The total cost of risk estimated by the model for the fifteen most important risk factors in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda represents 59.4% of the total project cost while the average cost of risk represents 4.0% of the total project cost. Sensitivity analysis was used to validate the robustness and consistency of the developed model in calculating the cost of risk. The developed model was verified to be consistent and reliable in calculating the cost of risk. Keywords: Risks, Risk management, Cost estimation, Risk based cost estimation, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Analyzing the factors that affect the quality of staircases: a case study of universities in the central region, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) khabusi, Mukhwana Benjamin
Staircases are the most common means of vertical access in low and medium rise storeyed buildings in Uganda. Their purpose is to provide safe means of movement from floor to floor. Reduction of accidents would be one of the functional requirements of stairs which is part and parcel of safety. However, the high accident rates are an indication of poorly designed and constructed stairs. With such problems on staircases, this study sought to investigate the factors that affect their quality in storeyed buildings in Ugandan universities specifically in the central region in a bid to minimize the occurrence accidents. Four kinds of surveys including observational, design and construction, technical and staircase user surveys were conducted in the study. The observational survey done using a check list revealed that the key features for quality vertitical access were; tactile ground indicators, balustrades, handrails, risers, treads, stair flights, newel posts, nosings, landings and presence of ramps in buildings. The design and construction survey which was done using self-admistered questionnaires involving 22 respondents revealed that the major factors that affect the quality of staircases were: design proficiency, construction competences, design review and other project factors. The technical survey conducted using a technical tool revealed that 66% of the stairs did not conform to the design and construction requirements due to riser heights, tread depths, slope relationship (2Rise + Going), stair slopes, handrail heights, handrail extensions and depth of nosing contrasts not conforming to the standards. The staircase user survey carried out using self-admistered questionnaires involving 212 respondents revealed that 26.3% of the users were injured while using the staircases due to missed steps, slippery surfaces, inadequate lighting in the stairwell, unevenness in the risers and treads and broken edges of steps. It was therefore concluded that to minimize the occurrence of accidents on staircases, proper design, construction and supervision need to be done in accordance with the standards short of which will lead to accidents. Key words: Staircase, quality, accidents, design, construction, supervision, user
Assessment of equipment productivity in building construction projects in Uganda
(Kyambogo University[unpublished work], 2018-12) Asaya, Andrew Peter
Management of construction equipment in building construction projects is an important factor to run projects in a successful manner. The focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting equipment productivity, to establish how these factors impacted on equipment productivity, with the aim of improving equipment productivity in Uganda. Using a cross sectional study design, data were collected from a total of 340 respondents in different construction sites in Kampala by use of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the respondents' demographic characteristics and the mean and standard deviation was used to identify factors affecting construction equipment productivity. The identified factors were subjected to regression analysis and a model was developed to improve equipment productivity. The study established that human resource factors affecting equipment productivity were; technical skills of staff, experience of the operator, and motivation of staff. It was further established that equipment factors affecting equipment productivity were; equipment break down, quality of equipment, working cycle capacity, and age of equipment. With regards to the environmental factors affecting equipment productivity, the study found that weather conditions and access, were the leading factors affecting equipment productivity. It was established that holding other factors constant, environmental factors affect equipment productivity by 6.4% and the remaining 93.6% is explained by other factors. Project managers should therefore hire experienced and well-motivated equipment operators and in order to improve equipment productivity in building construction project. Key words: Equipment Productivity, Human resource, Environment, Building construction

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