Masters Degree Dissertations

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Abating the effects of different land use activities on eutrophication of Kabaka’s lake Kampala - Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2019-11) Mutyaba, Abel
Various land uses resulting from urbanization in Kampala the capital city of Uganda, have reduced the natural pollutant filtration value of the wetlands. This has in turn led to a decline in the water quality and gradual eutrophication of available water bodies such as Kabaka’s lake, characterised with green colored water, foul smells, and tastes. The aim of this study was to assess eutrophication management strategies for abatement of the effects of the different land use activities on natural water quality of Kabaka’s lake. The study focused on; classification of downloaded Landsat imagery for the last 25 years, mapping of pollution hotspots and nutrient distribution with GIS, and assessment of both external (constructed wetland) and internal (dredging) eutrophication extenuation measures. Following the research showed that Kabaka’s lake catchment land use has been significantly (p<0.005) been redistributed, with buildup area increasing by 78.5%, vegetated area reducing by 37.2% and water reducing by 1.8%. This has not only significantly reduced the lakes receiving wetland footprint by 92.2% (p=0.000003) but also increased the nutrient load in the catchment mainly from; garage oil spillages, car washing bays wastewater, and sewerage. The 80,596 m2 Lake’s light attenuation is currently algae dominate, limited by nitrogen and classified under oligotrophic class of lakes (Trophic State Index<40) with a threat of eutrophication in an estimate of 25 years. Construction of a wetland in the remaining 1.34 acres of natural wetland will significant reduce Total Phosphorus by 35% and Total Nitrate by 45% (p = 0.05), whereas dredging the lake will reduce both by 80% (p = 0.0005). Watershed and proper land use management, establishment of riparian buffer vegetation and a diversion channel and community sensitization were some of the study recommendations. Key words; Land use, Nutrient concentration, Eutrophication
Analyses of multi-decadal variability and trends in precipitation and potential evapo-transpiration across lake Kyoga basin
(Kyambogo University, 2020-10) Acayo Grace
The Lake Kyoga basin is located in Kyoga water management zone covering eleven sub-catchments in Uganda. The population in this region mainly depend on rain fed agriculture for their livelihood. However, recent changes in precipitation and climatic conditions calls understanding trends and variability of current and historical hydro-climatic variables. This study analyzed long-term trends and variability in precipitation and Potential Evapo-Transpiration (PETo) covering the period 1901 -1960 and 1961- 2015 respectively. Two periods were considered to remove the effect of step-jump in precipitation mean on analyses. For PETo, the period 1961-2008 was considered. Both trends and variability were assessed non-parametrically using the cumulative sum of rank difference approach. Possible drivers of variability in PETo and precipitation were sought in terms of the co-variation of the climatic variables with the large scale ocean-atmospheric interactions. The correlation of precipitation, potential Evapo-transpiration and climate indices were assessed. The climate indices included Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO), North Atlantic Ocean (NAO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Nino3. It was found that precipitation over the period 1901-1960 for the month of March, April, May (MAM) exhibited positive anomalies was not significant (p>0.05) implying wet condition, however, for September, October, November (SON) and annual time series exhibited negative anomalies. The annual variability in precipitation yielded negative anomalies around 1960s to 1970s while positive anomalies were exhibited around 1990s and 2000. Variability in annual precipitation at most locations was found to be insignificant (p>0.05). Trends in PETo were not coherent as those of precipitation.
Analyzing the factors that affect the quality of staircases: a case study of universities in the central region, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) khabusi, Mukhwana Benjamin
Staircases are the most common means of vertical access in low and medium rise storeyed buildings in Uganda. Their purpose is to provide safe means of movement from floor to floor. Reduction of accidents would be one of the functional requirements of stairs which is part and parcel of safety. However, the high accident rates are an indication of poorly designed and constructed stairs. With such problems on staircases, this study sought to investigate the factors that affect their quality in storeyed buildings in Ugandan universities specifically in the central region in a bid to minimize the occurrence accidents. Four kinds of surveys including observational, design and construction, technical and staircase user surveys were conducted in the study. The observational survey done using a check list revealed that the key features for quality vertitical access were; tactile ground indicators, balustrades, handrails, risers, treads, stair flights, newel posts, nosings, landings and presence of ramps in buildings. The design and construction survey which was done using self-admistered questionnaires involving 22 respondents revealed that the major factors that affect the quality of staircases were: design proficiency, construction competences, design review and other project factors. The technical survey conducted using a technical tool revealed that 66% of the stairs did not conform to the design and construction requirements due to riser heights, tread depths, slope relationship (2Rise + Going), stair slopes, handrail heights, handrail extensions and depth of nosing contrasts not conforming to the standards. The staircase user survey carried out using self-admistered questionnaires involving 212 respondents revealed that 26.3% of the users were injured while using the staircases due to missed steps, slippery surfaces, inadequate lighting in the stairwell, unevenness in the risers and treads and broken edges of steps. It was therefore concluded that to minimize the occurrence of accidents on staircases, proper design, construction and supervision need to be done in accordance with the standards short of which will lead to accidents. Key words: Staircase, quality, accidents, design, construction, supervision, user
Applicability of public private partnerships in development of infrastructure in higher institutions of learning in Uganda
(Kyambogo University (un published work), 2019-11) Mabonga, Sylvia Namakoye
Public Private Partnership system is considered an innovative finance strategy which offers good prospects for global construction industry. Yet, since the adoption of the system in Uganda, the benefits have not been fully realized. This research, therefore aimed at establishing the extent of use of the Public Private Partnerships, the question of continuity or and starting to use it, inspirations and barriers affecting its applicability in higher institutions of learning in Uganda. The study adopted a cross sectional survey research design, with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. With a sample size of 138 respondents that were purposively selected, regression and correlation analyses were performed to establish the significance of the bio-data and inspirations to show the determination to continuation of the PPP system. The survey results show that PPPs have only been embraced to a minimal extent of 4% in higher institutions of learning in Uganda. Further analysis showed there was interest to continue or start using PPPs. Inspirations were established as; availability of funds for development, completed within stipulated time, cost and transfer of all risk to the contracting party in fig. 4.12. Barriers were found as; PPPs projects are feared to be complex and risky, lack of expertise on establishing and managing projects, lack of legislation or compatibility with the existing procurement ordinances and lack of political support. This research can be impactful to policymakers to adopt when implementing future projects by use of a developed framework in fig. 4.15 that would offer solutions to the identified barriers. Key words: Barriers, Continuity, Development, Infrastructure, Inspirations, Public Private Partnerships.
Application of value analysis concept on construction cost of low volume roads in Uganda
(Kyambogo University (un published work), 2019-11) Okello, Emmanuel
The success of implementation of highway infrastructure projects is usually measured against three parameters; quality, time and cost. However, some of these projects do not achieve expected project goals in terms of quality. Secondly, project delivery is not within a reasonable amount of time, and finally, costs are not in line with their budget limits. This study applied Value Analysis (VA) methodology in the construction of Low Volume Roads (LVRs) in Uganda, to mitigate the aspects of time and cost but still ensuring that the functionality and quality aspects are not jeopardized, through the generation of innovative alternatives. The methodology included document review and cost analysis of LVR projects previously implemented in ten districts in Northern and Eastern Uganda. In this study VA technique involved the employment of a composite or mixed method of work, incorporating both mechanization and manual labour during the Road Formation Phase (RFP), as opposed to the existing labour based methods. The VA technique was applied to two construction projects, that is: the construction of 800 meters of LVR in Financial Year (FY) 2017/18 in Kole District which project was undertaken by the researcher and during the construction of a 1,200 meter LVR in Bukedea District in the same year. Comparison of the cost when the VA is used, with the current cost through hypothesis testing was done, and the alternative hypothesis that the cost reduces on application of the mixed method VA technique during the Road Formation Phase (RFP) was upheld at 95% confidence level. It was established that average cost per metre of LVR when using the conventional labour methods was UGX. 250,000, while an average cost per metre of UGX. 228,157 was achieved when the mixed method approach was used, thereby realizing an 8.7% reduction in the average cost per metre of the construction of LVRs. The researcher thus concluded that the cost of LVR construction significantly reduces when VA is applied during the RFP. The researcher recommended the use of the mixed method VA technique for the ongoing and future LVR construction projects under the Low Cost Seal (LCS) Program and proposed that further research should be done to apply VA on the sealing phase of LVR construction. Key Words: Value Analysis, Cost per Metre, Mixed Method, Road Formation Phase, Low Volume Roads, Low Cost Seal.
Assessement of the impact of sawdust ash on the sulphate resistance of concrete during early strength development
(Kyambogo University, 2020-12) Basajjansolo Babiito, Patrick
Sulfates are detrimental to the structural integrity of concrete throughout its service life. In the project for the construction of the overhead transmission line grid for power evacuation from the Karuma Hydro Power plant, aggressive levels of sulfates were encountered along Karuma – Lira 132kV Transmission Line. This necessitated use of Sulfate Resisting Cement (SRC) in foundations to counter sulfate attack. Sulfate Resisting Cement is twice as expensive as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in Uganda and may only be available on a minimum special order of 200 tons. Based on the above the study was therefore aimed at evaluating the impact of sawdust ash on the sulphate resistance of concrete during early strength development. A total of 384 concrete cubes of 4 designed mixes were used in two different sulphuric acid solutions of differing concentrations to simulate sulphate attack on concrete. Cubes were exposed to sulfate attack for 28 days in sulphuric acid solutions in the early stages of hardening (i.e., at the age of 6, 24 and 72 hours) and in the later stage of hardening (i.e., aged 28 days). SDA dosages used to replace part of the OPC were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. It was observed that concrete in the early stages of hardening (i.e., age of 6, 24 and 72 hours) exhibited improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to that in the later stage of hardening (i.e., aged 28 days). Moderate strength concrete grades (i.e., C16/20, C20/25) with design cement content less than 18.1% performed better than the higher strength concrete (i.e., C25/30 and C30/37). The ingress of SO4 2- ions into C20/25-5% SDA concrete followed a decreasing linear function for concrete cured for 72 hours before exposure to sulfate attack. A maximum cement replacement of 10% with SDA as well as partial back filling of foundation concrete after 72 hours of casting is
Assessing biogas recovery potential from organic Solid waste generated from academic institutions (case study: Islamic university in Uganda - Mbale city)
(Kyambogo University[unpublished work], 2022-09) Kayizzi, Patrick
Resource recovery is contingent to the circular economy and the core intention is to replace the norm of largely linear economy of take make and dispose with one where resource circulation and disposal is fostered at high value. One of the current trending strategies in waste minimization is resource recovery such as biogas given its undisputable benefits. Education institutions are considered as congregated communities that have significant social, economic and environmental impact on the environment. like local authorities, these institutions experience challenges of provision of satisfactory social services such as managing solid waste. Minimal efforts have been invested in carrying out research in waste management practices in school settings most especially establishing the potential of biogas recovery that can contribute towards reduced impact to the ecosystem. This study was therefore focused on exploring the biogas potential from solid organic waste generated from higher academic institutions in Mbale Municipality. The study first looked at solid waste management practices in sampled academic institutions and their respective main source of fuel for cooking; a checklist was prepared and 26 out of 36 sampled institutions willingly provided access to their premise. From the data gathered, 65% of the 26 institutions practiced onsite waste disposal mainly dumping in pits and burning while the other schools disposed of to the main landfill; 25 out 26 institutions utilized wood biofuels for cooking while 1 out of the 26 used electricity; none of the schools practiced resource recovery. A detailed assessment was then undertaken at Islamic University in Uganda to establish the quantity and composition of the waste generated within two distinct periods of the semester: one at the beginning (February) that represented the dry weather conditions and at the end of the semester (November) that represented the wet season. Results indicated that foliage pruning contributed the highest percentage of waste generated followed by kitchen waste while paper waste registered the least percentage contribution by both volume and weight; It was also noted that more waste generation was experienced during the wet season; hourly waste collection indicated peak collection/ generation between 1000-1200 while least collection was between 1200-1400hr with kitchen waste dominating between 0800-1000hrs and 1600- 1800 while foliage pruning dominated between 1000-1200hrs and 1200-1400hrs respectively. Biogas resource potential was investigated using a single stage biogas setup where co-digestion of the organic solid waste was used as substrate; eight sets of experiments were conducted with two identical sets per ratio for (paper, kitchen and grass) and 25% cow dung inoculant by weight of the total substrate weight under mesospheric conditions. Results indicated a high methane composition of 33% and a relatively low percentage of 13% for ratios of 1:19:7 and 1:5:7 (for paper: kitchen: grass) respectively. The potential of biogas in solid organic waste gave an indication of a virgin opportunity to explore harnessing resources from the organic waste generated from academic institutions that will in return provide an alternative for safe solid waste disposal as well as harnessing nature gas for cooking and manure for soil stabilization for ecosystem degradation mitigation. Key Words: Resource recovery, Biogas, Solid Organic Waste, Methane
Assessing the applicability of earned value management Technique in enhancing performance of construction Projects in Uganda: a case of Kampala city
(Kyambogo University, 2021-07) Mugabi, Ronald
Monitoring is the most important component in project management. It deals with measuring performance of a project at certain time intervals and reports that performance to the organization for process control. Any project with considerable cost overrun and schedule delay typically gets in trouble at its beginning, and unfortunately, project managers do not realize this problem until late in the implementation when their ability to recover the project to achieve its planned objectives diminishes. This study aimed at assessing the applicability of Earned Value Management (EVM) technique on measuring the performance of construction projects in Kampala City, and adopted a mixed method research design that employed both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. The study established that among the standard practices used in measuring performance Critical Path method was the most commonly used. This means that emphasis should be put to understanding the effect of this method to performance of projects. It was further established that barriers that hinder the effective application of Earned Value Management Technique were as follows in descending significance, with the use of construction equipment having a significance level of 84.3%, followed by level of technology at 78.2%, labour ratesat 20.9%, and material prices at 19.7%; and based on these findings a performance monitoring tool for construction projects was developed as = − 5.698 + 0.197 + 0.181 + 0.036 + 0.009 . The study thus concluded that EVM techniques are less commonly used and less known than Critical path method and PERT method for measuring performance of construction projects. The study further concluded that the application of EVM on projects is greatly affected by labour rates, and material prices as indicated in the developed performance monitoring tool. It is envisaged that the developed tool will be useful in monitoring the performance of projects right from inception to completion paying most attention to equipment, technology in used, cost of labour and material costs. Key Words Earned Value Management, technique, Construction Projects, Performance Measurement, Kampala city.
Assessing the effect of different mortar mixes on strength of burnt clay brick masonry wall
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2019-10) Owino, Stephen
Following the tremendous increase in population growth rate in Uganda from 12.6 million people in 1980 to 34.6 million people in 2014, there has been an increase in housing units from 2.6 million house in 1980 to 7.34 million houses in 2014. Despite of this increase in housing units, the population has surpassed the demand leading to a deficit of 200, 000 housing units annually. The National Housing and population census of 2014 revealed that the increased housing units is constructed of permanent materials at 43.7% with burnt clay bricks leading at 36.4% followed by mud and poles at 33.6% and these are materials used without the knowledge of their strength and properties. Hence, the need to assess its strength so as to protect the inhabitants against accidents and loss of lives. Research findings indicated that 100% of the structural design firms do not design masonry structures made of burnt clay bricks but instead specify them as infills. 100% survey on 102 sites established that the commonly used mortar mix ratios range between 1:7 to 1:14 far different from the perceived mortar mix ratios of 1:3 to 1:6 as a result of the use of one bag of cement to a number of wheelbarrows and these resulted into a compressive strength of 5.92N/mm2 to 1.87N/mm2 respectively far below the intended compressive strength of 17.8N/mm2 to 6.82N/mm2. Experimental tests on burnt clay bricks has established varying compressive strength with an average of 7.3N/mm2 to 2.06N/mm2 and this was attributed to water absorption, method of manufacture and the soil type. Results on burnt clay masonry walls constructed of most used mortar mix ratios established that , the compressive strength of the wall greatly reduced with increasing value of mortar mix ratios. Conclusively, the wall strength was much influenced by the strength of mortar, indicating that the weaker the strength of mortar the weaker the wall strength and vice versa however strong the brick may be, hence high mix ratios beyond 1:6 should not be used in the construction of masonry clay brick walls to avoid structural failures.
Assessing the impact of bitumen types on the Performance of asphalt concrete road pavement construction in Uganda
(Kyambogo University (un published work), 2018-12) Mpaata, Steven
This research was conducted to assess the impact of local asphalt binders on the performance of asphalt concrete road pavement construction in Uganda. The bitumen samples were collected from ongoing road construction projects where asphalt concrete made pan of the pavement. The sampling was done in accordance with procedures provided in BS EN 58: 2012 and BS EN 475: 2000. Testing was carried out in Central Materials Laboratory, Tan Roads. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania to confirm binder classification and obtain performance properties. The penetration tests, fluidity and pumping tests conducted on the bitumen samples confirmed compliance with specifications. It was noted that all penetration grade bitumen samples gave softening points lower than the allowable limits implying in-service performance challenges. Most of the samples did not comply with physical property requirements when compared with the binder specifications implying that they arc susceptible to rutting and fatigue damage. Binder Temperature zoning based on Strategic Highway Research Program of asphalt grading system was completed in fourteen zones and presented on a map. Three temperature zones were confirmed incorporating Perfom1ance Grade (PG) 70+ 3 in most of the Northern, far Eastern and Kasese regions, PG 64+6 for most of Central and PG 58+3 for far Western regions bordering with Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo. This study introduced a robust testing regime and acceptance criteria to be used in future asphalt designation and construction in Uganda. Accordingly. value engineering was achieved based on increased time intervals of road
Assessment of equipment productivity in building construction projects in Uganda
(Kyambogo University[unpublished work], 2018-12) Asaya, Andrew Peter
Management of construction equipment in building construction projects is an important factor to run projects in a successful manner. The focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting equipment productivity, to establish how these factors impacted on equipment productivity, with the aim of improving equipment productivity in Uganda. Using a cross sectional study design, data were collected from a total of 340 respondents in different construction sites in Kampala by use of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the respondents' demographic characteristics and the mean and standard deviation was used to identify factors affecting construction equipment productivity. The identified factors were subjected to regression analysis and a model was developed to improve equipment productivity. The study established that human resource factors affecting equipment productivity were; technical skills of staff, experience of the operator, and motivation of staff. It was further established that equipment factors affecting equipment productivity were; equipment break down, quality of equipment, working cycle capacity, and age of equipment. With regards to the environmental factors affecting equipment productivity, the study found that weather conditions and access, were the leading factors affecting equipment productivity. It was established that holding other factors constant, environmental factors affect equipment productivity by 6.4% and the remaining 93.6% is explained by other factors. Project managers should therefore hire experienced and well-motivated equipment operators and in order to improve equipment productivity in building construction project. Key words: Equipment Productivity, Human resource, Environment, Building construction
Assessment of factors influencing performance of road construction projects in Uganda: a case study of ministry of works and transport
(Kyambogo University, 2020-02) Seninde, Stephen
The road construction projects in Uganda suffer from many problems and complex issues in performance such as; cost, time, scope and quality. The aim of this study was to assess the factors influencing performance of road construction projects in Uganda. The study adopted a descriptive research design and data were collected using questionnaires from 147 purposively selected respondents from Local construction companies, consultancy firms, and government officials from Ministry of Works and District Local governments. Relevant literature was reviewed to establish actual factors influencing performance of road construction projects in Uganda. Data were coded and entered into statistical packages for social scientists (SPSS) version 25. A total of 43 performance factors were identified and categorized into five factor groups. The data were analyzed descriptively using statistical correlation and regression analysis, multi-variate analysis and relative importance index (RII) was used to rank the identified factors. The study revealed five most significant and influential factors; contractors, clients/owners, contractor’s ability to mobilize to site, availability of funds, and cash flows, and three least influential factors; inadequate mobilization of resources, inadequate geotechnical and hydrological studies and lack of equipment. The study concluded that; contract management factors, project stake holders’ factors, and project financing factors significantly influence the performance of road construction projects in Uganda. The research study also recommended among others; setting aside finances for the project before commencement, putting in place competent supervision team for contract management, ensure fair and transparent procurement processes for proper performance of road construction projects. Key Words: Assessment, Performance, Road construction projects, relative importance index.
Assessment of impacts of land use changes on water resources of river Mpanga catchment
(Kyambogo University, 2019-11) Turyahabwe, Catherine
Mpanga Catchment has in recent decades been exposed to changes in land use/cover (LULC). This could have been due to intensive agricultural activities to sustain the needs of the increasing population. Transition in land use/cover tends to impact on the hydrology of a given catchment. This study assessed the impacts of land use changes on water resources of Mpanga catchment. The study was three-fold. Firstly, land use changes were identified and analysed. In the second step, the question of whether land use changes impacted on water resources was answered through hydrological modelling using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). SWAT was automatically calibrated and validated using daily data from 2003 to 2013. Thirdly, the model was applied to conduct scenario analysis. Major land use/covers included cropland, forest, pasture, wetland, water body and settlement. Cultivated area increased by 31.79% while grassland and forests decreased by 31.79% and 11.38%, respectively. Hydrological model performance evaluation yielded Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) 0.86 and 0.77 during calibration and validation periods, respectively. Changes in the land uses between 2000 and 2014 increased stream flow ratios from 0.49 to 0.54, surface runoff from 0.26 to 0.33 and evapotranspiration ratios reduced from 0.49 to 0.44. Scenario analysis showed that the catchment was more influenced by the land use changes with respect to dry than wet conditions. Thus, control measures like agroforestry, deep tillage and banding should be adopted to minimize run off and facilitate infiltration and ground water recharge. Key words: Catchment, land use/cover, water resources, scenarios, hydrological modelling
Assessment of membranes used in drying faecal sludge to minimise the sand take-away in the sludge drying beds
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Ngabirano, Deneth
Sludge drying beds provide sludge dewatering by allowing the liquid to both drain under gravity through a permeable medium on which the sludge sits, and to evaporate under ambient conditions. Lubigi plant with 19 sludge drying beds handles faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks separately for sludge dewatering. Clogging in filter beds and sand membrane material is challenging as it continues to get off with dry sludge cakes. The study's main aim was to assess different membranes used in faecal sludge drying to minimise the sand layer takeaway in the sludge drying beds at Lubigi Faecal Sludge and Wastewater Treatment Plant. This study analysed the chemical and physical characteristics of faecal sludge in the existing and unplanted drying beds at Lubigi. A pilot-scale dewatering facility was designed and constructed with four unplanted sludge drying beds (A, B, C, and D) with a one m2 effective drying area. The cumulative percolate was measured following a non-uniform time interval of 5, 10, 30, 60, 180, 360, 720, and 1440 minutes. This lasted for ten days until the faecal sludge was dewatered entirely. Five raw faecal sludge samples collected from different points of the existing and operating beds were analysed using the Makerere University laboratory. The cake samples had average weights ranging from 0.48 to 46.98% of the respective chemical elements. Carbon and oxygen had the highest weight ratios of 46.96% and 36.73%, whereas sodium had the lowest, with 0.48% in all elements, respectively. Low sodium content implies low alkaline indices in the faecal sludge, which is desirable. Additionally, moisture content (ranging from 73.68% to 75.91 % by mass, mean= 74.81±1.11 %), sand content (between 17.43% (89.62 g) and 19.66% (118.08 g), mean = 18.344±0.86%) and calorific value (between 2846.38 kcal/kg to 3185.46 kcal/kg. Sand (Bed A) exhibited the highest mean dewatering rates with a peak of 502 mm after 4.5 hrs, followed by pavers with 416 mm after 7.5 hrs, nylon with 384 mm in 4.5 hrs and lastly, hessian with 59mm after 20hrs. The efficiency shows that hessian, nylon and pavers were efficient (R2 = 0.632, 0.592, and 0.540), followed by sand (R2 = 0.491). All membranes had a very significant correlation between dewatering time (t min) and percolate (Q ml), p < 0.05 based on a> 95% confidence level. Nevertheless, nylon expedited average filtration rates at all times compared to the rest of the media. This is because its cake yielded moderate moisture, sand, and calorific values compared to the rest of the media hence optimised. Nylon filter media was optimised based on different gauge sizes of 1.0 mm (reference size) (Bed A), 0.5 mm (Bed B), and 2.00 mm (Bed C). The average dewatering times of the filter media in Beds A, B, and C were 5, 60, 180, and 360 minutes, respectively. Bed C (2.0 mm) had the highest flow rate (156.61 ml) but the lowest sand content (82.14%, 85.16%), Bed B (0.5mm) had the lowest flow rate (49.09 ml) and the highest levels of moisture content (86.91 %, 90.92%) and Bed A (1.00mm) had the intermediate flowrate (83.37 ml), moisture (83.28%, 87.28%), sand (13.24%, 14.8%, and calorific value (2745.12 Kcal/kg, 2600.12 Kcal/kg). These were determined based on the size of holes in the filter media, hence recommending the 1.00 mm nylon gauge. Keywords: Calorific value, Dewatering, Faecal Sludge, Lubigi, Moisture Content, Optimisation, Sludge Drying Beds and Sand Content.
Assessment of performance of road maintenance local contractors in Uganda: a case of Uganda National Roads Authority Lira station
(Kyambogo University, 2021-08) Beamanya, Namara Babra
Road maintenance is essential in order to preserve the road in its originally constructed condition, protect adjacent resources and ensure user safety in Uganda. However, there has been inadequate improvement in the road sector evidenced by some of the roads being poorly maintained in terms of surface quality, markings and signs, and the government is still losing billions of shillings in shoddy works and services being delivered by road maintenance local contractors, thereby increasing maintenance backlog. The study assessed the performance of road maintenance local contractors in Uganda using a case study of Uganda National Roads Authority Lira Station. From targeted population of 103 respondents, a sample size of 87 respondents was selected using random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaires and statically analyzed. Relative importance index (RII) was used to determine critical factors affecting the performance of road maintenance local contractors. Through literature review and document analysis, critical factors affecting the performance of road maintenance contractors were identified. These factors were ranked using RII for developing a framework to enhance performance of road maintenance local contractors. The study results indicated that respondents regarded contractor’s managerial skills (RII= 0.1088), followed by contractor’s financial capacity (RII= 0.893), contractor’s experience (RII= 0.855), cost factors (RII= 0.854), technology (RII= 0.846), procurement process on contractors selection (RII= 0.845), time factors (RII= 0.839), health & safety standards (RII= 0.838), and design changes (RII= 0.828) as the critical factors affecting performance of road maintenance local contractors. A framework was developed to indicate that the planning phase of road maintenance projects depends on; contractor’s managerial skills, and contractor’s level of experience. Implementation phase of road maintenance projects by local contractors was found to depend on; level of contractor’s financial capacity, cost factors, procurement process on contractors selection, level of health & safety standards, time factors, and design changes. The study concluded that contractor’s managerial skills was the most impactful factor on performance of road maintenance local contractors in Uganda. The study recommended that more focus should be put on contracts managerial skills since it had the greatest impact on Local Contractor’s performance. Keywords: Critical factors, Performance, Local contractors, Road maintenance.
Assessment of quality management practices of building construction firms in Uganda: a case of Kamwenge district
(Kyambogo University (un published work), 2021-05) Baguma, Andrew
Generally , local firms always strive to gain competitive edge in building projects based on Total Quality Management initiatives that are customer centered in nature. The study focused on assessment of quality man management practices in building construction firms in Uganda particularly Kamwenge District. The quality of buildings has continued to deteriorate evidenced by the fact that a number of buildings are collapsing in the country. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used to select respondents and 54 questionnaire s were administered to building construction firms and district local government targeting mostly contractor's staff and local government officials. Data were analysed using relative importance index to determine the significant factors affecting quality of building projects in the study area. The study revealed that there was significant relation ship bet ween quality management practices and quality of buildings project s in Kamwenge District. The biggest challenge in implementation of quality management practices was Jack of a quality assurance team to lead the process in construction firms. The framework developed to address a coordination gap between stakeholders. The study concluded that third party certification and testing materials before actual implementation are critical factors affecting quality of construction projects. It was recommend ed that every construction firm should test materials before actual implementation of building project and recruit skilled workers to construct quality projects. Key words : Quality management, Quality planning, quality control and quality assurance
Assessment of risk management in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda: a case of Kampala city
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-08) Draleti, Gerald
The cost performance of construction projects is a key success factor. However, risks in construction projects make exact budgetary requirements difficult to forecast accurately resulting in underestimation and overestimation. Inaccurate cost estimates have further resulted in unnecessary financial loss to the project stakeholders and loss of reputation and trustworthiness of construction professionals. In Uganda, risk factors are either ignored or subjectively taken care of by simply allowing a contingency figure ranging from 0% to 10% of the project cost. This method is sometimes unreliable and difficult to justify to the project owners. Therefore, there is need for a risk-based cost estimation method that is reliable and justifiable. The purpose of this study was to improve risk management in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda. The risk factors in cost estimation were identified through detailed literature review and then their effect in cost estimation was assessed using severity index. The study revealed that the risk factors with the most severe effects in cost estimation were: inflation, proficiency in estimating, cost of materials, incomplete design and specification, fraudulent practices and kickbacks. The importance index of all the risk factors was computed based on their severity index and frequency index so as to rank them. The study further revealed that the five most important risk factors were: cost of materials, inflation, fraudulent practices and kickbacks, incomplete scope definition, incomplete design and specification. The study proposes a model for risk-based cost estimation that was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The total cost of risk estimated by the model for the fifteen most important risk factors in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda represents 59.4% of the total project cost while the average cost of risk represents 4.0% of the total project cost. Sensitivity analysis was used to validate the robustness and consistency of the developed model in calculating the cost of risk. The developed model was verified to be consistent and reliable in calculating the cost of risk. Keywords: Risks, Risk management, Cost estimation, Risk based cost estimation, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Assessment of the challenges and effects of delays in compulsory land acquisition on the performance of road construction projects in Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2020-11) Elong, Samuel
The roads construction projects in Uganda are experiencing delays which are partly due to challenges in land acquisition. The purpose of this study was to assess the challenges and effects of delays in land acquisition on the performance of Uganda’s roads construction projects, a case of Mbale-Bumbobi-Bubulo-Lwakhakha. Eighteen (18) land acquisition processes, twenty-nine (29) challenges and eighteen (18) feasible strategies were identified through comprehensive literature reviews drawn from land acquisition practices in various countries. Data was collected using questionnaire surveys, structured interviews, and focused discussion guides. Surveys were carried out across the study population composed of valuers, surveyors, sociologists, and PAPs. The collected study data were coded and analysed using SPSS 25.0 and their magnitudes determined using Relative Importance Index (RII). The various processes were evaluated, and the least significant processes were recommended for removal. The study revealed that the top three most significant challenges identified were; (1) delayed compensation awards, (2) injurious affections and other damages, and (3) access difficulties for some families. The RII for the various strategies in mitigating challenges in land acquisition were computed and (1) the need for regular involvement and dialoguing with the stakeholders and the affected persons, (2) a proper definition of what constitute fair and adequate compensation and (3) dialoguing with the affected persons to allow civil works progress especially on undeveloped land portions were evaluated and therefore, recommended as the most feasible ones to enhance the performance of road construction projects in Uganda. Key words: Challenges, Compulsory Land Acquisition, Effects, Construction, Project affected persons, Projects and Relative Importance Index.
Assessment of the challenges in implementation of partnerships among contractors in Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2021-09) Bingi, Francis
The challenge of implementing partnerships among contractors is a global concern. Many contractors do not possess expertise to handle major construction activities and are mainly characterised by low capacity and capability as a result of weak resource base, inadequate experience, low technological base, lack of effective corporate management. This study assessed the challenges in implementing partnerships among contractors in Uganda. The study adopted a cross sectional research design employing the mixed method approach involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected using questionnaires from a study sample of 40 respondents who were purposively and randomly selected mainly staff from firms of Consultants, Architects, Quantity surveyors, Engineers and Contractors. The data were analysed using quantitative data analysis tool-Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS software version 16.0. Findings show that majority of respondents (mean =3.80) based on Likert scale ranging from 1-5 indicated that in partnership the environment of trust must be maintained. It was revealed that partnerships rarely involve equal power relationships in many organizations. Furthermore issues to do with contractual agreements, trustees, power relationships and spectrum of institutional arrangements are still lacking. Additional finding was that failure to adopt best practices (mean=3.37) was the major factor hindering implementation of partnership among contractors. A partnership model was developed to address barriers to partnership implementation among contractors. The study generated three main conclusions; firstly, there is reasonable level of knowledge about partnerships among contractors, there are some limitations on the knowledge on equal power relations and contractual arrangements that exist among partners for success of projects. The second conclusion was that there is wide adoption of operational and strategic partnerships among contractors in Uganda. Lastly, failure to adopt best practices plays a significant role in hindering implementation of partnerships as supported by reluctance of most contractors in adoption of modern contracting practices. The study recommended that the body dealing with contractors and construction industry in general Uganda National Association of Building and Civil Engineering Contractors (UNABCEC) to conduct seminars on strategic partnership and its benefits to contractors. Secondly, the statutory act which enforces foreign firms to partner with local firm during tendering and execution of any work in Uganda should be established through line ministries. Keywords: Partnerships, implementation, contractors, challenges.
Assessment of the effect of variation on the performance of paved road projects in Uganda- a case of Uganda national roads maintenance program-Rwenzori region
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Lukala, Justine
The Ugandan government has outlined infrastructure development as government priority. However, escalation in cost and time overruns of paved road projects is leading to lower density of roads network. This study was conducted in the Rwenzori region in Uganda considering Kyenjojo – Fort Portal (50km) road, Fort Portal – Hima (55km) road, Hima - Katunguru (58km) road and Katunguru - Ishaka (58km) road rehabilitated under Uganda National Roads Maintenance Program. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey questionnaires from a sample size of 79 elements and documentary reviews. Data on causes of variation, impacts and mitigation strategy actions were analyzed using IBM SPSS and ranked through mean item scores. The study revealed that delayed issuing of approval documents, changes in scope of works and changes in design were the highly ranked client’s causes of variation. Changes in design, design flaws and delayed decision making were common with consultant whereas poor coordination and project management, delayed acquisition of permits and shortage of skilled manpower were highly ranked contractor’s causes. Delayed project completion, increased project cost and rework and demolitions were the highly ranks impacts of variation. The mitigation strategy actions to control variation and enhance performance were; adequate planning and availability of fund before works start on site, detailed site investigation at pre-construction stage while comprehensive design and financial reviews, client expedite approvals and decision making were recommended at construction stage. In Project performance (PP) model, impacts of variation (Iv) ranked highest with 34.08%, followed by mitigation strategy to control variation (Mv): 33.27%, then causes of variation (Cv): 32.65%. The research recommends a study on developing an appropriate approach of capturing data with regard to variation in paved road rehabilitation projects. Key words: Variation, Paved roads, Project performance, Model, Rwenzori Region