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Multilevel determinants of HIV Prevention among urban refugee youth in Uganda: baseline findings from the tushirikiane-4-uthabiti trial
(Springer Nature, 2026-01-05) Okumu, Moses; Logie, Carmen H.; Admassu, Zerihun; Mackenzie, Frannie; Tailor, Lauren S.; Hakiza, Robert; Katisi, Brenda; Musoke, Daniel Kibuuka; Nakitende, Aidah; Nafula, Catherine N.; Komakech, Morris D.C.; Okimait, David; Bukuluki, Paul; Kyambadde, Peter; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Windsor, Lilian C.
While urban refugee youth face HIV vulnerabilities spanning socio-ecological levels, knowledge gaps persist in HIV prevention outcomes. We conducted a baseline analysis of a cohort enrolled in Tushirikiane-4-Uthabiti, an intervention focused on HIV testing practices among urban refugee youth aged 16–24 in Kampala, Uganda (N = 330). Using regression models, we examined the societal, community, and interpersonal factors associated with condom use self-efficacy [CUSE], consistent condom use, HIV self-testing [HIVST] kit access, and recent HIV testing. Most participants were women (53.3%), with a mean age of 21.3 years (SD = 2.9). One-fifth reported consistent condom use (19.1%), over half accessed HIVST kits (56.4%), and recent HIV testing (50.6%). Statistically significant results showed that higher education (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) and financial resilience (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) were positively associated with CUSE, whereas food insecurity (β = − 0.21, p < 0.05) was negatively associated with CUSE. Being in a casual relationship (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.33, p < 0.05) and CUSE (aOR 1.12, p < 0.010) were associated with increased odds of consistent condom use. Higher education (aOR 2.45, p < 0.001), adolescent sexual and reproductive health stigma (aOR 1.16, p < 0.010), and perceived HIV stigma (aOR 1.05, p < 0.05) were associated with increased odds of recent HIVST kit access. Financial resilience (aOR 1.05, p < 0.010) and young parenthood (aOR = 2.32, p < 0.010) were associated with increased odds of recent last year HIV testing. The findings demonstrate suboptimal HIV prevention outcomes and highlight the need for tailored multilevel interventions to improve the sexual health of urban refugee youth.
Formative supervision of teaching in secondary schools in Kayunga district: Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2012-03) Nsinde, Alex
A study on Formative Supervision of Teaching in Secondary Schools in Kayunga District,Uganda was undertaken in Nazigo Town S.S, Yale High School, Green Valley High and Ssuuka Islamic Education Centre all schools located in Nazigo Sub-county, Kayunga District, Central Uganda. The research study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of formative supervision of quality teaching a "people's centered approach" because it takes its principle data from the events of the classroom proceedings a vital prerequisite to attaining quality academic grades.
The researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The findings have been presented in narrative form and situations discussed and described. Quantitative design was used where the information (data) was easily quantified showing the magnitude of either improvement or decline using Means (M) and Standard Deviation (S.D.)
The sample size of 44 respondents was considered for the study based on random selection.
Data collection methods obtained information for the study through self-administered
questionnaires and interviewing the selected respondents.
Whereas, the findings revealed that both teachers and school heads possessed a moderate
Knowledge and understanding of the purpose of conducting formative supervision, with the teacher achieving an overall average of (42.5%), the school heads obtained an average of (50%).
On the other hand, the school heads were more knowledgeable of the purpose (50%) (N=2), than the teach~rs (30%) (N=12); of formative supervision to enhance the teaching and learning process
Both in USE and Non-USE schools. The findings also exhibited that the school heads were more
Aware (3.75; S.D = 0.82) than the teachers (2.78; S.D = .694) of the purpose of formative supervision. The school heads' responses revealed that they were convinced that the purpose of
Conducting formative supervision was to ensure that formal curriculum is implemented in teaching
And learning process, establish a teacher's knowledge, attitudes and skills so that it could help them make decisions on general teacher performance in order to enhance teacher development and student achievement. School heads were also convinced that supervision could help make decisions on merit, pay and promotion and in the long run motivate teachers.
Further still, there is need to use viable data source to form judgments about teaching including measures of students' learning gains in teachers ' evaluation. Spending the time and other resources needed to recognize good teaching prompting short observation visits to write teachers' final supervision report. Additionally, attending to the sociology of teacher supervision by creating a professional learning at school.
The researcher recommended that supervisors I school heads should undertake the following:
Make sure the basics are in place these include among others; time scheduled for teacher-teams to meet on a weekly basis. Decide on the irreducible elements of good teaching by school heads and teachers communicating well about what is happening in classrooms. School heads should systematically visit all classrooms on a regularly basis for a reality check on how classroom activities are executed. School heads should give teachers prompt face-to-face feedback
, preferably after every class visit. Teacher-teams need to develop common unit plans and assessments as the best way to ensure that teaching is done right the first time. Require teams to give teachers common interim assessment especially at end of year to give valuable insight into what students are learning and not learning. It is better for teachers to chair team meetings, ideally on a rotating basis, even if the school head has the time to ensure teacher ownership of this process is vital, they should have teams report on student learning after each unit or quarter.
Also arranging for high-quality feedback on lessons for teachers. Create a professional learningculture in the school. There should be use of short observational visits to write teachers' final
evaluation report. Include measures of student learning gains in teachers' evaluation reports.
Finally, they should use a rubric to evaluate/supervise teach
Postnatal care service utilisation and associated factors among multiparous women in Buyamba County, Rakai District Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study
(Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2025-12-26) Nakayima, Robinah; Ssemujju, Stephen; Ekakoro, Newton
Background
Despite advancements in the use of maternity care services, certain nations in sub-Saharan Africa continue to record unacceptable rates of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in the postnatal period. This study aimed to assess the level of postnatal care service utilisation and associated factors among multiparous women in Buyamba County, Rakai District, Uganda.
Method
A community-based cross-sectional study involving women who had two or more children was conducted in four sub-counties of Buyamba County. Study participants were recruited using a systematic sampling technique. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather data. Descriptive, bivariate and modified poisson regressions were computed using STATA version 14. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05 and the strength of statistical association was assessed by prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals.
Result
Out of 321 women who participated in the study, (81.9%) were married, (30.8%) were aged 35–44 years, (71.0%) attended antenatal care (ANC) during their previous pregnancy, (94.7%) delivered normally, and (94.4%) utilised postnatal care (PNC) services of which (67.2%) received immunisation for the children, (26.2%) acquired family planning counseling and (70.3%) had four or more PNC visits. Attending antenatal care (aPR = 1.750; 95% CI: 1.029–2.981), being aware of PNC services (aPR = 1.380; 95% CI: 1.016–1.875), receiving PNC education (aPR = 1.421; 95% CI: 1.048–1.923), having a normal delivery (aPR = 1.538; 95% CI: 1.055–2.241), and residing within 5 km of a health facility (aPR = 1.282; 95% CI: 1.006–1.632) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of utilising postnatal care services. In contrast, being younger in age (aPR = 0.511; 95% CI: 0.347–0.752) and having a husband without formal education (aPR = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.454–0.853) were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of postnatal care services utilisation.
Conclusion
The study identified several maternal, spousal, and accessibility factors influencing postnatal care utilisation. Enhancing maternal health education, improving facility access, involving partners, and strengthening antenatal counseling and community sensitisation can increase PNC utilisation and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
Construction of symmetric third order difference operators on a Hilbert space
(Gulf Journal of Mathematics, 2025-12-20) Sorowen, Ben; Nyamwala, Fredrick Oluoch; Ambogo, David Otieno
We have constructed a symmetric third order difference equation and studied the absolutely continuous spectrum of the self adjoint subspace extension generated using the subspace and decomposition theories. In particular, we have shown that under some decay and growth conditions, the self-adjoint subspace extension exists with discrete spectrum on l2(N) while the absolutely continuous spectrum contained on half line of multiplicity one exists on l2(Z) if we use decomposition technique. We have given a number of examples to reinforce our results.
High-sensitivity terahertz metasurface biosensor for multi-cancer detection: a machine learningenhanced approach using graphene–MXene– silver–copper hybrid architecture
(Materials Technology Advanced Performance Materials, 2025-12-19) Wekalao, Jacob; Elsayed, Hussein A.; Mehaney, Ahmed; Ochen, William; Othman, Sarah I.; Bellucc, Stefano; Amuthakkannan, Rajakannu; Ahmed, Ashour M.; Muheki, Jonas
Early cancer detection requires highly sensitive diagnostic tools beyond the capabilities of conventional imaging and biopsy methods. We present a terahertz (THz) metasurface biosensor that integrates a copper-coated H-shaped resonator with three silver rectangular resonators enclosed within an MXene circular ring. The
design incorporates complex electromagnetic interactions, nonlocal effects, and coupled-mode modelling to optimise performance. The biosensor achieves a sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU, a quality factor of 3.6–3.747, and a figure of merit up to 13.333 RIU⁻¹. It maintains stable absorption (52.789–53.804%) across 0.27–0.281 THz, with a linear resonance–refractive-index response (R² = 0.95276). Machine-learning optimisation of graphene chemical potential further enhances predictive accuracy (R² = 0.93). By enabling simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers through frequency-shift analysis, this noninvasive platform offers strong potential for real-time, early-stage cancer screening.