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Implications of aerobic exercise on clinical outcomes of HIV positive clients in Uganda: a case of general military hospital-Bombo
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2024) Nicholas Mwebaze
Aerobic exercise may be a helpful treatment for a variety of ART side effects and symptoms,
according to studies from both healthy individuals and those with various chronic illnesses. The use
of aerobic exercise to address the symptoms, and undesirable side effects that lower the quality of
life for people with chronic HIV infection is currently being investigated. This study's primary goal
was to determine how aerobic exercise affected the clinical outcomes of HIV-positive patients
receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. It further aimed at evaluating the effect of a 12 weeks
aerobic exercise on immunological measures, functional work capacity and psychological markers
of HIV positive clients on ART in Uganda. The study, conducted at the General Military Hospital in
Uganda, employed a quasi-experimental design. Quantitative data was collected using
questionnaires and a sample of 135 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy engaged in the
study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-tests, revealing significant reductions in depression
and anxiety symptoms among participants. The participants were divided into two groups at
random: Group 1, which received a moderately intense aerobic exercise program for twelve weeks,
and Group 2, which received no treatment. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was
used to screen both groups. Clinical outcomes, like: immunological measurements, were then
evaluated using Clusters of Differentiation 4 (CD4), Functional work capacity using Rate of
Perceived Extortion (RPE)/ Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and psychological markers using a
questionnaire. The aerobic exercise intervention was administered to the experimental group for
twelve weeks. Members of the control group were called weekly to make a follow up on them
during the 12 weeks and ensure that they did not feel left out of the survey. Following the
completion of the 12-week post-test, the results showed that: (i) aerobic exercises significantly
increased the CD4 count in experimental group with an average mean of 29.7% and a p=0.001; (ii)
It had a statistically significant effect the functional work capacity of HIV positive clients on ART
with p<0.001 which was less than initial p= 0.05, a decreased heart rate, significantly improved VO 2
max from 25.13 ml/kg/min to 34.19 ml/kg/min and (iii) it also had significant effect on
psychological markers indicating a decrease in paranoid ideation, depression, neuroticism, anxiety,
and phobia in HIV positive clients on ART with p-value<0.001. Therefore, well-structured
supervised 12 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercises at a tempo of 120-150 beats per minute
improved CD4 cell in the body of HIV positive clients on ART. It also improved the clinical
outcomes of people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. It is recommended that aerobic
exercise be used as an additional therapy in the care and treatment of HIV positive clients on ART
in Uganda by adding it in the HIV care and treatment guidelines. There is also need to investigate
the effect of aerobic exercise on other clinical outcome like viral load, body composition and
adherence to drugs.
Visual expressions of selected artifacts from Kasubi royal tombs for fabric decoration
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2017-12) Akumu, Juliet
The study was carried out under the title; "Visual expressions of selected artifacts from Kasubi royal tombs for fabric decoration". The purpose of this study was to examine selected artifacts from Kasubi royal tombs and explore studio possibilities of using the selected artifacts for production of fabric designs, for the purpose of contribution to visual documentation and preservation of Ganda cultural heritage.
The research was conducted under the following objectives; to examine the artifacts from the Kasubi royal tombs that would aid in fabric studio practice, to develop designs from the selected artifacts from Kasubi tombs for fabric decoration. To studiously produce fabric works with visual expressions from selected artifacts of Kasubi royal tombs for fabric decoration. The researcher categorized the artifacts in the following themes; architecture (Muzibu Azaala Mpaga), weaponry (shields' and spears), crafts (mats and baskets) and music instruments (royal drums and gourd rattles). These were used to generate the visual ideas in fabric decoration. The study arises from the researcher's' observation and concerns that fabric decoration as a form of visual documentation for different
Ganda cultural artifacts has not been fully exploited by fabric designers as compared to painting and sculpture forms of visual documentation. Against this the researcher took a keen interest in studying the Kasubi royal tombs and selected artifacts, to arouse their visual appreciation for fabric decoration. In the process of this study the researcher explored with fabric techniques such as: air-jet spray painting, applique and patch work, tie and dye, hand stitching and bleaching.
Media used included, acrylic paint, fast dry paint, threads, bleach, and selected found materials. The end product of the research are wall hangings which can be placed in public and private wall spaces. Based on the qualitative and explorative research design, the researcher analyzed data from both the researchers design processes and respondents point of views. The research findings reveal that Ganda artifacts have a rich cultural content that needs to be visually documented for future use by generations to come.
The recommendation of the study is a general call to visual artist to explore with the use of contemporary technique of design production in visual documentation of different cultural artifacts to promote, preserve and document their importance and existence, for this will create awareness and appreciation for Ganda cultural heritage.
Education and social change : empirical studies for the improvement of education in Eastern Africa.
(German Foundation for International Development Education, Science and Documentation Centre, 1999) Hess, Juergen
This study investigated the reasons for non-enrolment of children for Universal Primary Education (UPE) in Uganda. The central research question of the study was based on the fact that in Uganda some children who registered for UPE have still not gone to school.
The study's objective was to find out the reasons why some of the children who registered for UPE are not enrolled in school.
The study was carried out in Asuret sub-county in Soroti district. This was a descriptive qualitative study that used interviews, focus group discussions, observation and document analysis for obtaining its information. The data analysis was qualitative.
This study revealed that poverty is the main cause of non-enrolment in UPE in Asuret sub-county. Due to poverty, parents/guardians cannot afford to buy school uniforms and stationery, pay examination fees and other fees usually required by the schools. The parents advocated for an absolutely fee-free UPE programme as one of the ways of increasing enrolment rates in Asuret sub-county. This would particularly support the orphans who usually receive no financial support for school education from their guardians. This would call for the government providing uniforms, examination fees, lunch-time meals, stationery, and other school requirements.
This study recommends that in order for the orphans and children from very poor families to get education, the government should provide completely free primary education to all "its UPE children". They should also continue with its efforts to eradicate poverty in the country and to improve the teaching-learning facilities in the schools, as this would encourage parents to send their children to school. A clear policy must be rnade on the exclusion of uniforms from school requirements, and it must be ensured that schools follow this guideline.
Areas for further research include investigating the extent to which the UPE programme in Uganda has brought orphans access to education and contributed to the enrolment of girls for primary education.
Maternal depression and nutritional status of children, 5-7 years old in selected districts of southwestern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2023-02) Ninsiima, Ruth Baketsigako
Childhood undernutrition is one of the most significant global public health problems of concern especially in developing countries. Overnutrition, however, is also slowly showing up and together with undernutrition, they may exist in the same set/ population. While many studies on undernutrition among the under-five year old children have been performed, undernutrition among children above five years or their nutritional status has received less attention in Uganda.
Diet, environment and health factors though vital to the child's poor nutrition, maternal depression may also be of importance since it reduces mothers'/ key female caregivers' ability to offer responsive child care. This study purposed to establish the extent to which maternal depression related to nutritional status (undernutrition centred on) among children 5-7 years old in Kigezi sub-region, Southwestern Uganda. The study was cross-sectional and conducted from November 2019 to February 2020 in Rukiga, Rubanda, Kabale and Kisoro districts. The 5-7- year-old child and the mother or key female care giver were the units of study. The children had been previously enrolled in the Child Nutrition and Development (CHNUDEV) project. Height for age z-scores (HAZ) and Body mass index for age z-score (BAZ) were calculated using world health organisation-WHO AnthroPlus, 2009. Undernutrition (Stunting and wasting) was determined following the Multicenter Growth Reference curves guidelines. Maternal/ key female caregivers' depression levels were measured with Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) tool. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA Corp. 2015 (STATACorpLLC, 2015) and SPSS version 22 at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Chi-square tests, correlation coefficients, and linear regression analyses were used to relate background variables, nutritional status indicators, and maternal depression. Of all 364 mothers/key female caregivers who were approached and consented to participating in the study with their children, 362 sets completed the study. Most women were young with a median age of 32 (IQR: 11), were less educated (69.9%). Mean (SD) HAZ and BAZ were -1.58(0.97) and 0.11 (0.80) respectively. Stunting among children was 114(31.4%) with 33 (9.0%) severely stunted. Only 2 (0.6%) were thin while 34 (9.5%) were overweight and 2 (0.6%) obese. Prevalence (P) of maternal depression was worrying, at 42.01 % (above 10 total score clinical cut-off) and about 14 % of the mothers had moderate to extreme depression. Maternal depression was inversely but not significantly associated with child undernutrition (Unadjusted β = 0.001, p=0.805). From for this study unlike in most studies among school going age children, maternal depression showed a non-significant inverse association with nutritional status of children of ages 5-7 years in rural Southwestern Uganda; even on accounting for the family factors. The short period maternal depression and respective nutritional status of dependents could not be conclusively explained. There is need to incorporate screening for and management of maternal depression in health clinics, given the level observed.
Parents' and teachers' perception of the Universal Secondary Education policy implementation in Mukono and Kayunga districts in Uganda
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2011-12) Ssentongo, James
This study was set out to investigate Parents' and Teachers' perception of Universal Secondary Education (USE) policy implementation in Uganda since this is a new innovation in the education sector whose implementation brought mixed feelings among the key stakeholders (Parents and Teachers).
The study was set out to: find out the benefits of USE to both Parents and Teachers; establish whether Parents and Teachers significantly differ in the way they perceive USE policy implementation; find out whether personal variables of Parents and Teachers such as age, sex and others significantly influence their perception of USE policy implementation; find out whether teachers in government and private schools significantly differ in the way they perceive USE policy implementation; and establish Parents' and Teachers' views on how USE policy implementation could be improved.
The study carried was out in Mukono and Kayunga Districts which involved the use of a descriptive survey design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected from 471 respondents of which 93 were parents, 65 teachers of USE government schools, 75 teachers of USE private secondary schools, 70 teachers of Non - USE government secondary schools, 90 teachers of non - USE private secondary schools and 78 key informats using a structured self – administered questionnaire and an interview guide for key informats. The Data collected from hypothesis one and five were analysed using frequencies and percentages as it was from open-ended questions, while that from hypothesis two, three and four were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOV A) to determine the level of significance of personal variables versus parents' and teachers, perception of USE.
The findings of the study indicated that both parents and teachers have benefited significantly from USE implementation though differently. They also revealed that parents and teachers significantly differ in their perception of USE implementation.
They indicated that all personal variables of parents and teachers significantly influence their perception of USE implementation, although some variables have more influence than others. On the other hand, teachers of government and private schools differ in their perception of USE policy implementation.
Lastly, the research findings revealed that there were a few differences between Parents' and Teachers' suggestions of how USE implementation could be improved. From the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that;
1. Both parents and teachers have significantly benefited from USE implementation.
2. Parents and teachers do significantly differ in their perception of USE implementation.
3. All personal variables significantly influence the parents' and teachers' perception of USE although some variables such as education level and number of dependants have more significant influence on the parents' and teachers' perception of USE implementation than the rest.
4. Teachers in government and private schools do significantly differ in their perception of USE, but those in government and private USE schools, and those in government and private non-USE schools had no significant perception differences.
5. Both Parents and Teachers have similar suggestions for improving USE policy implementation which can lead to the successful implementation of the policy.
Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that: there should be massive sensitisation of all stakeholders to enable them play their roles adequately; there should be rational increment of teachers' salaries and promptness in payment; there should be adequate and timely release of USE funds, with annual increment in subscription per student to cater for inflation; strengthening the inspection and monitoring of USE school and funds; providing enough infrastructure and instructional resources to match with the increased enrollment; recruitment of more teachers to reduce the student-teacher ratio; and introduction of USE at A-level as well as modifying the secondary school curriculum to impart more technical skills to students for self-reliance.
The researcher recommended the following areas for further research: The impact of USE on teachers' commitment and job satisfaction in government aided USE schools; The contribution of Parents' and Teachers' Associations (P.T.A) and Board of Governors (B.O.G) in the implementation of USE policy; Evaluation of USE policy implementation; and The effect of UPE and USE on the quality of education in Uganda.