Department of Geography

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Adoption of Water Conservation Technologies among Small Scale Farmers in Lwengo District – Uganda
(African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies, 2019) Nabalegwa, Muhamud Wambede; Asaba, Joyfred; Othieno, Esther Ebifa; Nabatta, Claire
This study identified and characterised the dominant water conservation technologies (WCT) employed by small scale farmers in Malongo and Kyazanga sub-counties in Lwengo district. It employed a cross sectional household survey design, using systematic sampling to obtain 380 household samples. A quantitative analysis, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Logit regression model were used to analyse these data to identify and characterise the dominant WCT and establish the most significant factor affecting the adoption of the technologies. Results indicated that mulching was the most dominant WCT employed, followed by Valley dams/reservoirs, terracing, tied ridges, deep tillage and infiltration pits. The Logit model indicated that out of seven factors, five had a significant positive influence namely: access to credit (1.3); farm slope location (0.7); farm size (0.4); access to agricultural inputs and investment subsidies (0.4); and level of income (0.2). One factor had a significant negative influence (engagement in other economic activities/off-farm employment activities) and only one was found to be insignificant (access to market). It is recommended that the significant water conservation techniques be upscaled, and that emphasis also be placed on the most significant factors in order to strengthen the adoption of water conservation in the area.
Analysing the role of integrated farm Plan environmental approaches and conservation of the Manafwa watershed, eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-05) Chepkurong, Doreen
The government of Uganda is committed to watershed conservation practices in the Manafwa river valley. Interventions have been made through Northern Uganda Social Action Fund, National Forestry Authority, National Environmental Management Authority and Manafwa Watershed Restoration and Stewardship in order to reduce watershed degradation. The implementation of MWARES has been in place for the last two years. This study was therefore intended to analyse the role of Integrated Farm Plan environmental approaches and conservation of the Manafwa watershed, Eastern Uganda. This was operationalized by specifically studying the locational characteristics of the area where the schools are found, the forms and process of activity integration within the watershed, the networking and collaboration strategies and the influence of pupils’ environmental awareness on watershed management. In further execution, the study adopted both a correlational research design to establish associations among variables and mixed methods to avail comprehensive conclusions. A sample of 214 respondents was selected using both purposive, and simple random sampling techniques, where 209 were from pupil environmental club participants and five of them from club patrons. The study availed descriptive, inferential, and qualitative findings after using a questionnaire, an interview guide, and observation checklist for data collection. By using Binary regression analysis, the study found that the forms and process of activity integration within Manafwa watershed from Bukalasi, Bushika, and Bushiyi had significant Beta values of 0.95, 0.96 and 0.96 respectively. Pupils' strategies of networking and collaboration in Manafwa watershed had a low positive effect with Beta values 0.38, 0.17 and 0.22 from Bushiyi, Bukalasi and Bushika Sub- Counties respectively. Pupils’ environmental awareness in all the three Sub-counties of Bukalasi, Bushika and Bushiyi had significant Beta values of 0.78, 0.86 and 0.85 respectively for watershed management. The study thus recommends that strategies like training pupils on how to put value to PIP products like fruits and bananas so as to generate funds to run their activities, training them on tree nursery bed establishment so as to ensure availability of trees to be planted in schools and for sale in the community and banana management, head teachers and classroom teachers to adequately timetable environmental club activities and constantly pass on conservation messages during classroom sessions, assemblies and budgeting for such activities. Further, district officials and partners like MWARES should train and retrain teachers to orient them towards environmental conservation responsibilities and occasionally organise environmental club competitions to boost competitiveness among schools.
An analysis of non-conformity of land use in jinja municipality with reference to the Jinja municipality land use plan of 1994-2004
(Kyambogo University (unpublished work), 2018-12) Mugoya, Godfrey
The study analyzed the non-conformity of land use in Jinja municipality with reference to the municipality land use plan of 1994 - 2004. This research was prompted by the fact that upon going through the town one is able to notice a lot of disorder which reflects anomalies that have ensued over time. It investigated the forms of non-conformity existing in land use in Jinja municipality, factors responsible for divergences in current land use and how non- conformity in land use is being addressed. One hundred fifty three (153) people were involved in this research, 54 of whom were subjected to questionnaires because they were literate while the rest were subjected to oral interviews in a bid to collect primary data. Observation and documentation were done in the field alongside photography to establish the ongoing forms of land use visa vis the land use plan of 1994-2004. Findings revealed that although there is evidence of conformity in land use to the 1994-2004 land use plan in some areas, there are many cases of unconformity discovered in the town in places of residence, the central business district, the green belt, the institutional land and the industrial land. For instance within residential areas there are educational institutions and business enterprises, the industrial areas are encroached on by places of worship, the communication system is littered with rubbish and used as parking yard for Bodaboda cycles, while the wetlands arc being encroached on by industries. This bas resulted from people either being adamant or having limited knowledge on what is expected of them. However some effort to avert the situation is being done for instance restraining people from illegal land uses and giving approval to settlers before they settle. In conclusion, land use nonconformity is of challenge in Jinja and is bound to affect other towns but with concerted effort it can be overcome. It is therefore recommended to the central government to do constant monitoring and evaluation in the field and close any administrative gaps, while to the municipal technical staff it is recommended that they should get closer to the people and give them technical guidance and support to avoid errors that can be made and that the land users should be alert and knowledgeable on what is expected of them, and they should also be submissive to legal authority.
Assessing the effectiveness of municipal solid waste Management system, constraints and opportunities In lira municipality, northern Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2021-05) Owiny-Ongia , Joel
Little is known about solid waste characteristics, performance, and determinants for adoption in the management in Lira Municipality. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of municipal solid waste management system, constraints and opportunities in Lira Municipality. The objectives of the study were: To characterize the types of solid wastes, collection and disposal system in Lira Municipality. To evaluate the people’s perception on efficiency and reliability of solid waste management system. To examine the constraints and opportunities of solid waste management. To determine the factors that influence solid waste collection and disposal in Lira Municipality. Across-sectional research design was used in the study. 200 Households were randomly sampled and interviewed. The data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Information on categories, collection and dumping from interview guides and questionnaires was analysed using SPSS statistical tool package and the data grouped in to descriptive percentages, mean, bar graphs, frequency tables to explain. The study also employed a statistical model (Binary Logistic Regression) to determine the factors influencing collection and dumping of solid waste in Lira municipality. Results of study indicated that Biodegradable/ organic wastes comprise a major fraction of solid waste produced (63.2%). Open dumping is the commonest method of solid waste dumping (37.5%) in Lira municipality. The major constraints in waste management were inadequate transport facility (88%), inadequate space for temporal dumping (84%); and Lack of legal enforcement in matters of solid waste poor handling (62%). Opportunities in waste were: source of earning (38%), employment (31%), saves environment from diseases and pests (25%), and source of revenue (6%). Factors influencing solid waste collection and disposal in Lira municipality were: Age (marginal effect- 3.838), Solid waste containers (marginal effect of 8.883), collection/disposal space (marginal effect of 0.012) and Legal enforcement against poor disposal (marginal effect of 0.006). The study concluded that management system is efficient given the daily collection (77%) and coverage of collection operation (58%) in all originally planned municipal radii and good co-ordination between the Municipal administration and the local people; though with un- reliability inflicted by the constraints identified. The study recommended for Lira municipality to educate / sensitize her residents on how to provide a pollution free environment as well as economically profitable waste handling practices such as source reduction through waste recycling, re-use, composting, bio gas production in a bid to change people’s perception in viewing solid waste as useless, but as another form of raw material that demands better packaging for future use.
Assessing the impacts of refugee settlement on wetland cover changes in Rhino refugee settlement-Arua district, Northern Uganda
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2021-05) Isabirye, Ahmed
Wetland use and cover changes are a serious problem in many areas of Uganda, as in the Rhino camp of Arua where Refugee settlement and local community have induced wetland degradation and rapid cover change. This study assessed the implication of Refugee settlement on wetland cover changes in the Rhino settlement. Specifically, the study to assessed the magnitude of wetland cover changes; determined the effect of wetland use on spatial landscape structures and examined the determinants of fire wood and charcoal production as a major proxy of wetland use. In this study, Using non-supervised classification algorithm and the post-classification change detection technique in GIS, the magnitude of wetland cover changes were investigated. With the Fragstats software, it was possible to quantify the changes of the spatial landscape structures in the Rhino settlement for the five years period (2015-2019). Socioeconomic data was collected using questionnaire guide, key information interview guide, focus group discussion guide and observation guide. It was used purposely to generate both qualitative and quantitative data. It was also intended to get deeper views and perceptions of respondents about the study variables. The findings indicated that wetland in the Rhino settlement decreased by 7% at the expense of subsistence farming and built up that increased by 15% and 1.3%, respectively. Analysis of landscape metrics generally indicated that natural wetland cover has been destroyed during this period along with increasing anthropogenic impacts for example the class area (CA) reduced by 37.4% signifying changes in biodiversity. Degradation and replacement of natural cover with human activities is considered undesirable development on the Rhino wetland. It is therefore recommended that the government through the environmental officers and all environmental activists including NGOs, stand together to monitor and control the unfavorable anthropogenic activities in the Rhino wetland. In addition, the government through NEMA should demarcate the boundaries of Rhino wetlands, which should be out of bound from human activities so as to maintain its functionality.
Assessment of hydro-pedological characteristics at medium-sized landslide sites in Manafwa catchment, Mount Elgon, Uganda
(Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2024-05-17) Moses, Kutosi; Yazidhi, Bamutaze; Bob, R. Nakileza; Yeeko, Kisira; Geofrey, Gabiri
Though strongly linked to landslides, hydro-pedological characteristics are inadequately investigated in the area. This study investigated hydro-pedological characteristics at medium landslide sites in Manafwa catchment. The design had twelve (12) infiltration experiments that were conducted at each site. To determine the selected soil physical properties, composite soil samples were extracted from the infiltration sites for soil laboratory analysis. Soil cores were extracted to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and bulk density. The observed high values of IR and rapid Ksat underscore the susceptibility of the studied sites to landslide hazards. Additionally, soil organic matter (SOM), clay content, and bulk density further contribute to the understanding of the hydro-pedological factors influencing landslide occurrences. These findings reveal the need for comprehensive investigations into hydro-pedological characteristics of other landslide categories to assist in landslide risk assessment and management strategies.
Assessment of the effects of land use change on forest cover along the slopes of Mt. Elgon: a case study of Mbale district
(Kyambogo University, 2021-05) Minjo Mwinike, Samali
Forests are of great importance due to their ecological diversity thus providing a multiplicity of ecosystem goods and services. These valuable ecosystems are however facing increasing threats from anthropogenic activities. This study therefore, analyses the state of forest cover due to land use change between 2009 and 2019 on Mount Elgon slopes in Mbale District in Eastern Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted following both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Analysis of Landsat images (Landsat 7TM & 8ETM) of the study area for 2009 and 2019 was conducted using semi-automatic classification plugin in QGIS software 3.12. Social economic data on drivers of land use/cover change were collected from a sample of 191 respondents selected from households, local council leaders, district personnel using structured questionnaires and interview guides. To map and characterize the size of forest cover, and assess the effect of land use types on diversity and distribution of forests in the area, maximum likelihood classification of Landsat 7ETM and 8ETH+ images was conducted in QGIS software version 3.12. A land-use/cover conversion matrix was used to explore land use changes over the study area for the two study periods (2009 and 2019). To establish the main drivers of land use change, descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on social-economic data. The study revealed that: i) conversion to farming and built-up infrastructure at the expense of forest cover and other natural vegetation were the main changes in land use/cover. Forest cover in Mbale declined by 0.09% between 2009 and 2019, whilst the area under farming and built-up increased by 8.49% and 5.47%, respectively. ii) Land use change negatively affected forest diversity by increasing the level of fragmentation as shown by reduced forest class area vis-à-vis increased number of forest cover patches. iii) Population pressure was the main driver of land use change and forest cover loss. iv) It is predicted that by 2029, forest cover in Mbale district will have declined by 0.17%. Therefore, land use change, which is largely a human phenomenon negatively affects forest cover. It is recommended that; excess population near forest zone should be relocated to the lower slopes and; farmers should adopt modern farming methods and technologies to maximize output on small farmlands and save the natural vegetation cover.
Characterization and mapping the distribution of landslides by magnitude on the slopes of Mount Elgon
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2018-12) Paul, Gudoyi Makoba
Landslides are one of the most widespread natural hazards occurring every year all over the world. In Uganda, they are common in Mt. Elgon areas. To minimize fatalities, there is need to know where landslides are likely to occur. In this study therefore, attempts were made to; characterize landslides basing on magnitude, relate pedologic characteristics of the derived magnitude classes and, map the spatial distribution of the landslide magnitude classes in Sironko and Bulambuli districts. Towards such efforts, a cross sectional study design and a quantitative approach were employed. Using snowball sampling, 45 landslide scars were visited, geocoded and investigated for scar• dimensions, from which data used in creating landslide magnitude classes using cluster analysis in R software version 3.4.4 was derived. At each landslide scar, a description of the soil morphological and physical properties was done. In addition, soil samples were picked for laboratory analysis of chemical properties of interest to this study. This data was compared with the derived landslide magnitude classes. To predict the spatial distribution of landslide magnitude classes, a response variable shape file for landslide classes and a predictor variables' raster file containing 18 layers of terrain, soil and geology data for the study area were prepared in SAGA GIS 2.3.1 and ArcGIS 10.5. Using this data, random forest modeling was implemented in R software and the output, further processed in ArcGIS to map distribution of the predicted landslide magnitude classes. The study shows that the area experiences three classes of landslide magnitude - low, moderate and high magnitude. These categories express themselves differently due to spatial and depth wise variation in soil physical and chemical properties. When the categories were predicted across the area, and using random forest modeling and terrain, geologic and pedologic covariates, it was found out that 507.15 km2 land area is landslide-free whilst 2.5 km2, 205.43 km2 and 5 .14 km2 land area is susceptible to low, moderate and high magnitude landslides, respectively. In this modeling effort, it was found out that slope influences landslide magnitude to a large extent compared to soil and longitudinal curvature. From this study, it was concluded that: (i) it is possible to characterize landslides basing on volume, area and flow length, using an objective classifier; (ii) a large proportion of the land (29%) in Sironko and Bulambuli is susceptible to moderate magnitude landslides, but an equally large area is not at threat of landslides; and (iii) soil, topography and geology influence the category of landslide experienced in Mt Elgon areas. It is recommended that high and moderate magnitude landslide susceptible areas be used for activities that require minimal land interference, such as is the case with forestry and conservation.
Climate change adaptation and food security in Lamwo district, Northern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (un published work), 2018-12) Alonyo, Sharon
The study was carried out to investigate the effects of climate change adaptations on food security in Lamwo district. Specifically, it identified climate change trends in Lamwo district, analyzed the effects of climate change adaptation practices on food availability, access, utilization and stability. The study was conducted in two sub counties of Agora and Madi Opei that were purposively selected from the whole district because these two sub counties lie in the little rain corridor hence experience long dry conditions. There were 375 households who were randomly selected for the study. The methods used to collect data from the field included documentary review which was used to collect data on climate change trends ,direct observation which was used to obtain information about Climate Change Adaptation Practices (CCAPs) in Lamwo. The interview method was used to collect data on the- relationship between CCAPs and food security. The findings revealed that there were great variations in the rainfall amounts, number of rain months, rain days and temperature. Early planting was found to be the most dominant on-farm CCAP with 38.2% followed by use of new crop varieties by 25.4%, drought resistant crops by 21.6%, small scale irrigation farming by 7.8% and crop diversification by 6.4%. The mosi dominant off-farm CCAP was motor cycling with 50%, followed by operation of shops by 25%, brick laying and market , -ending with I 0%. It also found out that that 1.2% households had inadequate food to eat, 95.7% had moderate food availability while 3.1 % had adequate food availability. The study revealed that 19.5% households had access to food, 63.2% had moderate access to food and 17.3% had inadequate access to food. 37.5% households had less dietary diversity, 58.2 % bad moderate dietary diversity while 4.3 % had great dietary diversity. It also revealed that 5.0% households had stable food stability while 95% had unstable food stability. The study concluded that adaptation was better than non-adaptation. It therefore recommended that households should adapt to climate change using the various strategies since in all aspects, adaptation was better than non-adaptation.
Climate change adaptations by livestock farmers in Ntoroko district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2021-09) Wahimba, Joseph
The study “Climate Change Adaptations by Livestock Farmers in Ntoroko District” analyzed the extent of climate variability and examined the factors that influence farmers’ choice of specific adaptations to Climate Change in Ntoroko District. The study’s specific objectives were to determine trends in climate variability in Ntoroko District, to determine the climate change adaptations used by livestock farmers in Ntoroko District, and to investigate the factors influencing livestock farmers’ choice of adaptations to climate change in Ntoroko District. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed where qualitative and quantitative methods were used. 351 respondents from a population of 4011 were sampled using a simple random sampling technique. The study used a questionnaire, documentary review, and observation to collect data on the variables of the study. Data collected was analyzed using Linear Regression, Cross-tabulation, and Multivariate in terms of tables and graphs respectively. The findings on climate shown that the mean annual rainfall amounts for Ntoroko District decreased for the period 1988 to 2018, varying from 95.8mm to 43.8mm. This decrease was statistically insignificant indicating that the area was no evidence of climate change in annual rainfall pattern for the period of study. In addition, analysis of mean annual maximum temperature for the study area for the period 1990 to 2018 showed a positive/increasing trend that was statistically significant. The results further revealed that most dominant adaptation practices to climate change used by livestock farmers in Ntoroko were stocking of animal drugs supported by (95.5%) herd mobility (67.6%) and mixed animal rearing (66.8%). Additionally, the Multivariate Regression Model revealed that access to training on climate change followed by monthly income, access to information, and membership to the social group were the most significant factors that positively influenced farmers' choice of adaptations to climate change while the least significant factor was education status of the household head. The study recommended that farmers should be provided with meteorological information on rainfall and temperature trends that may aid in the planning of adaptations to a varying climate. The existing adaptation practices such as stocking animal drugs and mixed animal rearing should be supported and encouraged with the aim of increasing livestock farmers’ resilience to climate variability and change. Finally, there should be improved access to training on adaptation, monthly income, and membership to a social group. This would therefore reduce climate change hazards and be a means to support livestock farmers’ adaptions to climate change in Ntoroko District.
Collaborative methodology and sustainable wildlife management: a case of Semuliki National park, Western Uganda
(Kyambogo University(Unpublished work), 2021-09) Namulemo, Alice
The study was about collaborative methodology and maintainable wildlife management in Uganda. It is vital for all interested parties in wildlife management to work in mutual support to avoid the lessening of natural wealth in order to preserve the environment. The collaborative methodology and maintainable wildlife management are accepted as important because of the need to create trustful links amongst the wildlife managers and the neighboring societies. However, challenges of maintainable wildlife management recognize, among other things; poor government procedures and failure of collaborative protection. The objectives of the study were to find out the local communities’ contribution to cooperative strategies; to establish the local community level of awareness about cooperative strategies; and to examine the local communities’ perception about the cooperative strategies as far as maintainable wildlife management was concerned. The study engaged a cross sectional design. Data were assembled to judge whether the collaborative methodology could successfully maintain wildlife management in National Parks. Qualitative and computable investigation methods were used for the study. Questionnaires, focus group discussions and interview guides were used for data assembly. The interview guide was used to gather material from 200 household heads. Both content validity (0.7) and reliability at reliability value (0.84) were ascertained. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered and all were brought back. The returned questionnaires were entered using SPSS. Descriptive statistics specifically; frequencies and percentages were used to refer to the data from the questionnaires and to take a broad view of the discoveries. The outcomes displayed that it was key for the local community to contribute to cooperative strategies. In addition, the local community level of awareness about the cooperative strategies and the local community perceptions were vital in maintainable wildlife management. Lastly, the study concluded that the local communities’ contribution to cooperative strategies, their level of awareness and their perceptions about collaborative strategies were required to manage wildlife at a maintainable level. The study suggested that the park specialists should increase on the household heads’ contribution to sustaining Mauritius thorn hedges in order to increase partnership in the execution of maintainable wildlife management. Additional household heads needed to unite in planting chili as a substitute livelihood provider in order to stop elephants from confronting the community.
Community based flood risk management approach in Northeastern Uganda
(Ghana Journal of Geography, 2022-06) Muhamud, Nabalegwa Wambede; Robert, Tweheyo
This study was conducted in the Amuria district of Northeastern Uganda. The aim of the study was to assess the performance of Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CMDRR) approach in mitigating disaster effects in the area. The objectives were to assess the effectiveness of community preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in mitigating disasters in the study area. Aberilela and Wera sub-counties were purposively selected, and two parishes were chosen from each of the two sub counties based on their vulnerability to flood disasters. A sample of 300 household heads were randomly selected. Methods of data collection included questionnaires, in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, observation, and documents review. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and triangulated with thematic analysis of the data from interviews and field observations. Results from the study indicate that the CMDRR approach had performed well despite some shortcomings. The approach had been able to prepare the community by training them in disaster management activities, developing hazard prone maps, disaster plans, established effective rescue measures and other response measures for the affected communities. However, it had failed in building capacity among the communities to stock essential services including food, early warning systems and in detecting and predicting disaster as well as building gender and age balanced capacity in the communities. Overall, the performance of CMDRR committees in Amurai and particularly Abarilela and Wera sub-counties was above average. The study recommends that government should adopt this approach and replicate it in other disaster-prone areas for effective disaster management.
Constraints to agricultural transformation in Yumbe district, Uganda
(Springer Link: Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa., 2019-05-23) Wambede, N. Muhamud; Joyfred, Asaba; Alule, R. Jimmy
This book chapter analysed the constraints to agricultural transformation, focussing on Yumbe district in Uganda. Since the 1980s, many resources have been devoted to agricultural sector by the government and donor community with the aim of transforming it from predominantly subsistence to one where farmers produce for the market. This was expected to take place with increased farmers’ adoption of modern farming technologies. Scientists developed a number of technologies with a hope that once they are introduced to the farmers,they would be readily adopted. This has not been the case. The uptake of the modern technologies has not been impressive. Even where adoption has taken place, it is on a piecemeal basis. Therefore there is a need to examine the factors that have led to the low rate of technology uptake and hence limited agricultural transformation in the country. The data collection methods used in this study included questionnaires, interviews, direct observation and document review. The study covered the social and economic conditions of the farming communities that are hypothesised to be limiting the uptake of technologies that would lead to agricultural modernisation. The study analysed the relationship between the socio-economic factors and adoption to modern farming technologies. The chi-square test was used to establish whether there were significant differences in education level, membership to farmer organisations/farmer groups, family size, etc. between adopters and non-adopters of modern farming technologies and hence agricultural transformation. Multiple regression was used to establish the most important factors influencing agricultural transformation in the area. The findings indicated that the most important factors influencing farmers’ adoption of modern farming technologies and hence agricultural transformation are membership to agricultural organisation and cost of inputs. It can be concluded that the government and other organisations promoting agricultural modernisation should encourage farmers to form groups where they learn modern methods. It should also provide subsidies to farm input so that they are affordable to the farmers.
Contribution of rainfall on rooftop rainwater harvesting and saving on the slopes of Mt. Elgon, East Africa
(Hindawi: The Scientific World Journal, 2020-07-18) Barasa, Bernard; Asaba, Joyfred
Despite the achievements reported from using rainwater harvesting systems, the contribution and drawbacks that affect their usage in mountainous landscapes have received little attention. The uptake and usage of domestic rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS) in developing countries is on the increase due to increasing water scarcities. We explored the effect of rainfall variability on water supply and the downsides of using the systems by rural households in Uganda. The objectives were to assess the variability of rainfall (1985–2018), categorise RRWHS used, and examine the influence of slope ranges on the placement of systems and also to quantify the harvested and saved rainwater and establish the factors that affected system usage. Rainfall variability was assessed using a Mann–Kendall test, while system contributions and drawbacks were examined using socioeconomic data. A representative of 444 households were selected using a multicluster sampling procedure and interviewed using semistructured questionnaires. Findings revealed that the months of March, April, September, August, and October experienced an upward trend of rainfall with a monthly coefficient of variation between 41 and 126%. With this, households responded by employing fixed (reinforced concrete tanks, corrugated iron tanks, and plastic tanks) and mobile RRWHS (saucepans, metallic drums/plastic drums, jerrycans, and clay pots). At the high altitude, households deployed mostly plastic jerrycans and industrial plastic/metallic drums to harvest and save water. Overall, the mean annual volume of rainwater harvested on the slopes of Mt. Elgon was 163,063 m3/yr, while the potential to save water ranged from 4% to 7% of the annual household water demand. The factors that hindered the deployment of RRWHS to harvest and save water were high operational costs, price fluctuations, unreliable rainfall pattern, inadequate funds, and limited accessibility. The rainfall received if well-harvested and saved can redeem households of water insecurity, though there is an urgent need of subsidies from the government to increase accessibility of the systems.
Effect of climate variability and change on millet production in Gweri Subcounty, Soroti district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Atim, Sarah
The study examined the effect of climate variability and change on millet production in Gweri Sub County Soroti district. The specific objective were; to determine the trend of climate change and variability, assess farmers perceptions on the effects of climate change and climate variability on millet grain yields and to determine farmers adaptation practices to climate change and climate variability in Gweri Sub County, Soroti district. A cross sectional survey was adopted and data collection involved both use of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected from 80 households including farmers and extension workers in Gweri sub county Soroti district. Data was analysed using statistical package SPSS version 16. Result show predicted increase in rainfall and mean temperature of gweri sub county by the year 2039 respectively. Respondents acknowledged that rainfall amounts have changed, onset and cessation are dynamic, and a decline in millet yields attributed to climate variability and change was reported. The most prominent coping mechanisms include growing improved crops varieties, mixed cropping planting of 2nd season crops in 1st season and planting of 1st season crops in 2nd season due to change in climate, shifting from water stressed and flood prone areas and adjusting on planting dates and crop diversification. In conclusion, both climate models, namely RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5, predict an increase in annual rainfall, with values of 1830.6 and 1651.9 mm, respectively, for the year 2031. This trend is followed by similar peaks in the years 2036 and 2033. Additionally, the same models forecast a sustained and consistent rise in annual mean temperatures for Gweri Sub County, reaching 27.56°C in the year 2039, with similar high levels expected in 2032 and 2035. It's noteworthy that throughout this period, the annual mean temperatures remain within the optimal range of 26°C, favoring the growth of millet. This information was generated with the assistance of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AGMIP), which contributed to the prediction of increased annual rainfall, and data analysis was executed to provide these valuable insights.
Effect of land use/cover changes on soil erosion risk in Mitano catchment, south western Uganda
(Kyambogo University, 2021-08) Mukisa, Geoffrey
Quantifying the response of a catchment to land use/cover change is imperative for the proper management of water resources within a catchment. River Mitano catchment has undergone significant land use/cover changes (LULC) underpinned by numerous socio-economic and environmental factors. However, its effect on soil erosion has not yet been fully recognized. This study therefore investigated the extent and transitions in land use/cover changes in the River Mitano catchment for the period 2000-2020 and the effect of these changes on soil erosion. To quantify the extent and transitions of land use/cover change in the River Mitano catchment, Landsat-7(2000), Landsat-8 (2010), and Sentinel-2A and 2B images for 2020 were obtained from United States Geologic Survey (USGS). LULC change analysis using the supervised classification of the Landsat and Sentinel images was done to reveal Land use/cover changes in the catchment for the period 2000 to 2020. To determine the effect of LULC change on soil erosion, soil erosion modeling was performed using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Results of the LULC change revealed a decrease in grassland, wetlands, and woodland by 6.7% and 5.9%, 0.12% and 0.14%, 0.01% and 0.29% for the period 2010 and 2020 respectively. However, subsistence farming, built-up and tree plantation steadily increased by 2.96% and 3.59%, 0.70% and 2.33%, 3.14% and 0.11% for the period 2010 and 2020 respectively was detected. The major LULC transitions were the conversion of grassland to subsistence farming at a rate of 16.48% while 11.95% of subsistence farming converted to grassland for the period 2000 to 2020. Soil erosion rate varied from very high (10-500 t ha-1yr-1) with an increase of 11% and 5% for the LULC of 2010 and 2020 in the catchment. The study concludes soil erosion of the catchment was influenced by Land use/cover change through conversion of grasslands, tropical high forests and wetlands to subsistence farming which has persistently increased both soil erosion risk. Based on these findings it is recommended that there is a need to adopt soil and water conservation practices to minimize soil erosion and ensure proper protection of the River Mitano catchment.
Effect of mulching and permanent planting basin dimensions on Maize (Zea mays L.) production in a Sub-Humid Climate
(Water : MDPI, 2022-01-03) Zizinga, Alex; Mwanjalolo, Jackson-Gilbert Majaliwa; Tietjen, Britta; Bedadi, Bobe; Gabiri, Geofrey; Luswata, Kizza Charles
In sub-humid regions, declining maize (Zea mays L.) yield is majorly attributed to unreliable rainfall and high evapotranspiration demand during critical growth stages. However, there are limited farm technologies for conserving soil water and increasing water use efficiency (WUE) in rainfed production systems amidst a changing climate. This study aimed at assessing the performance of different climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices, such as mulching and permanent planting basins (PPB), on maize growth, yield, water use efficiency and soil moisture storage. Field experiments involving mulches of 2 cm (M_2 cm), 4 cm (M_4 cm) and 6 cm (M_6 cm) thickness, permanent planting basins of 20 cm (PPB_20 cm) and 30 cm (PPB_30 cm) depths and the control/or conventional treatments were conducted for three maize growing seasons in the sub-humid climate of Western Uganda. Results indicate that maize biomass significantly increased under the tested CSA practices in the study area. Use of permanent planting basins relatively increased maize grain yield (11–66%) and water use efficiency (33–94%) compared to the conventional practice. Additionally, plots treated with mulch achieved an increase in grain yield (18–65%) and WUE (28–85%) relative to the control. Soil amendment with M_4 cm and M_6 cm significantly increased soil moisture storage compared to permanent planting basins and the conventional practice. Overall, the results highlight the positive impact of CSA practices on improving maize yield and water use efficiency in rainfed agriculture production systems which dominate the sub-humid regions
Effects of human activities on plant species diversity in a wetland ecosystem: a case study of koga wetland, in river rwizi, mbarara district
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2018-12) Chegem, Lolem Lucy
Wetlands are the most productive life support systems in that they provide diverse wildlife habitats. In Uganda 50% of the wetlands have been interfered with by human activities to support livelihoods either through direct consumption or sale of wetland products. The overall objective of this study was to examine the effects of human activities on plant species diversity in river Rwizi with a focus on Koga wetland which is 23km long and 4km wide. The wetland was purposely selected as a representative sample because it was characterized by a majority of human activities taking place in river Rwizi wetland in Mbarara District. Google Earth map and Geographical Information System tools were used to identify and map human activities and it was found out that the dominant human activities were Brick making, animal grazing, crop growing and settlement. Nested plots of varying sizes were used to determine plant species diversity; 2500 m2 nested plot, 400 m2 4 m2 and 1 m2 were used for trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses respectively. Counts, percentages and twin comparisons of plant species in the disturbed and the undisturbed study sites were determined and recorded. Simpson's Diversity index was used to measure plant to measure the plant species index. Findings of the study revealed that, among the dominant human activities carried out in the study area, all human activities were destructive to the population of the plant species, in that the cropped area had only 6% of the plant species, the bricked had 9% while the settled had 35% and the grazed 36% indicating that there were very slight differences in their effects. This study further determined the differences in diversity score of plant species diversity among the disturbed and the w1disturbed sites by use of Simpson's Diversity Index. The study revealed that the bricked site had 0.65(65%), followed by the undisturbed site with 0.59 (59%), The grazed site ranked third with 0.53 (53%) diversity score, then settled came fourth with 0.50(50%) and cropped ranked last with the least diversity score of 0.46 (46%). Based on the findings, the study concludes that there are no much differences among the effect of the human activities on plant species diversity and thus all activities affect the plant species diversity. So, there is an urgent need for government and environmental activists to mitigate this situation. From the findings, it is recommend that future researchers need to consider qualitative studies such as in-depth interviews with wetland invaders.
Effects of land use and land cover change on people’s livelihoods in Kira municipality, central Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-07) Busolo, Paul
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes have been experienced globally due to pressure from the ever-increasing human populations and environmental conditions associated with climate change and the resultant effects on livelihoods derived thereof. This study investigated LULC Change on people’s livelihoods in Kira Municipality, Central Uganda. Specifically, the study was set to; (i) determine the extent of LULC Change in Kira Municipality between 2000 and 2021, (ii) establish the perceived drivers of LULC Change and, (iii) assess the impact of LULC Change on people’s livelihood types in Kira Municipality. Landsat 7 and 8 images were accessed and downloaded from the United States Geological Survey’s earth explorer portal and were used for determining LULC Changes for three periods (2000, 2011 & 2021). The obtained images were taken through pre-processing, processing and post-processing steps in Arc GIS 10.4 software. For LULC Change analysis, a supervised maximum livelihood classification and discriminate analysis computations were done. Additionally, the socio-economic field data was collected from purposively selected households in the study area for analysis of the perceived drivers of LULC Change and their impact on people’s livelihood types. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis techniques. The results revealed a marked Change in LULC between 2000 and 2021 with a wide increase in the built-up land (33.5%), a decline in wetland, farmland and forest land. The Change in LULC, were largely driven by demographic and institutional factors related to rapidly growing population and limited supervision respectively. These fueled intensification of settlements, industrial and infrastructural developments. Furthermore, LULC Change impacted on livelihoods by influencing human livelihood types which were largely positive because they are the greatest employers of the majority of the population and so sustaining numerous lives in this Municipality. Such types of livelihoods were mainly transportation, building and construction and trade work/services. It is concluded that there were significant Changes in LULC in Kira Municipality in the last two decades, driven by increase in human populations in this area. It is therefore recommended that vertical development is embraced to check on the escalating urban population and also regulate Land Uses in ecologically sensitive ecosystems like wetlands and forests in this area that are associated with habitant losses in terms of land and its resources.
The efficacy of the soil conservation technologies adopted in mountain agro-ecosystems in Uganda
(Springer Link :Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa., 2019-05-23) Nabalegwa, Wambede Muhamud; Joyfred, Asaba
This study examined the efficiency of soil conservation practices, under current cropping systems in Kasese district, Mt. Rwenzori. A longitudinal transect design was used in this study. Transects of 100 m wide were drawn on 6 selected ridges, within which 102 peasant farms with different conservation technologies were selected. The severity of erosion on the selected farms, assessed from the areal extent of physical erosion indicators, was used to determine the efficiency of the soil conservation technologies in controlling erosion. The results indicate that terracing, found on 57.8% of the selected peasant farms, was the most dominant soil conservation practice on the Rwenzori Mountain slopes, followed by trash bunds, water diversion channels, water collection ditches, and mulching. It was, however, evident that despite the adoption of soil conservation practices by some farmers, soil erosion remained high, especially on farms where one conservation practice was solerly used. It is therefore recommended that a more comprehensive soil conservation strategy, involving the use of agronomic soil management and mechanical methods of soil conservation, be emphasized in the Rwenzori highlands.

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