Design and optimization of power generation system using solar photovoltaic modules at Kyambogo University

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy is critical in addressing the challenges of fossil fuel depletion, rising energy costs, and climate change. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology offers a viable and sustainable alternative, but its performance is highly dependent on site-specific installation parameters such as tilt angle, azimuth orientation, and environmental conditions. This study focused on the design and optimization of a solar PV power generation system at Kyambogo University, Kampala, by utilizing underutilized parking lots as potential sites for solar canopies. The research employed a mixed-methods approach involving site selection, shading analysis, and system modeling. Three canopy designs were developed using AutoCAD, and their performance was simulated with MATLAB/Simulink and RETScreen software to optimize tilt and azimuth configurations. Historical solar irradiance and temperature data (2018–2024) from NASA databases were analyzed to assess system performance under local climatic conditions. The results revealed that a tilt angle of 0° with a south-facing azimuth produced maximum output; however, a 15° tilt was adopted to enhance panel self-cleaning and structural durability with minimal energy losses. The optimized 80-panel system demonstrated consistent energy generation trends, confirming the feasibility of integrating PV infrastructure into university facilities. An economic analysis based on Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and Payback Period (PBP) indicated that the proposed system is both financially viable and environmentally sustainable. The findings highlight the potential of leveraging existing infrastructure to meet institutional energy needs while contributing to Uganda’s renewable energy goals and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).