Browsing by Author "Timothy Makubuya"

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    Diabetes and exercise: unlocking the potential for effective management and prevention
    (Advances in Health and Exercise, 2025-09-07) Nicholas, Mwebaze; Timothy Makubuya; Mark Kamwebaze; Richard Katungye; Victoria Nekesa; Denis Bwayo; Linika Lumbuye; Ricky Richard Ojara
    Diabetes mellitus is a progressive, chronic metabolic disorder predominantly defined by glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance, and defective insulin secretion. It affects more than 460 million individuals globally with a heavy burden on health sector, economy, and individual's life. This narrative review paper looks at a cost-effective intervention with a potential to contribute to prevention of the disease, regulate condition, and prevent complications. Exercising regularly has a positive impact on glycemic control, improved insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors like lipid profiles, blood pressure, and promoting overall cardiovascular and psychological well-being. It addresses critical function of exercise in the management of diabetes through consideration of its physiological mechanisms, exercise type, and clinical benefits of regular exercise. It investigated safe and effective exercise prescription protocols for diabetic patients from aerobic, resistance to flexibility and high-intensity interval training. Although the benefits have been demonstrated, barriers such as physical impairment, comorbidities, low knowledge and motivation prevent individuals from exercising. Addressing these barriers need a multi-sectoral solution to reconcile behavioral support, patient education, electronic health interventions, and policy advocacy. It calls for personalized exercise regimens, longer interventions focusing on diabetes complications, and interprofessional collaboration between healthcare, fitness, and mental health professionals. It highlights research gaps the impact of exercise on durable glycemic control.
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    Physiological sex differences in response to exercise
    (Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 2025-08-31) Nicholas, Mwebaze; Timothy Makubuya; Mark Kamwebaze; Matia Mwase; Ricky Richard Ojara; Paul Opio; Linika Lumbuye; Loyce Nahwera
    Physiological sex differences influence how males and females respond to exercise due to variations in hormonal profiles, muscle mass distribution, cardiovascular capacity, and training load tolerance. Males typically have 10–15% greater hemoglobin concentrations and higher maximal oxygen uptake of (VO₂max) relative to body weight, enhancing aerobic performance, while females generally possess higher body fat percentage, lower absolute muscle mass, and greater reliance on lipid metabolism during submaximal exercise. Estrogen supports membrane stability, antioxidant defense, and fat oxidation, whereas testosterone drives hypertrophy, strength gains, and red blood cell production. Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle alter performance, with the follicular phase favoring endurance and the luteal phase potentially increasing fatigue. Females often experience greater GI discomfort but lower sweat rates than males, who lose more body fluid and require more aggressive hydration strategies. Males show greater creatine kinase and myoglobin responses, reflecting more structural muscle damage and delayed on set of muscle soreness severity, while females benefit from faster recovery via estrogen-mediated protection. Training load thresholds also differ: males tolerate higher absolute external loads but risk overtraining without sufficient recovery; females may face higher relative internal loads and greater susceptibility to endocrine disruption such as relative energy deficiency in sport. Tailoring exercise programming to these sex-specific cardiovascular, metabolic, hormonal, thermoregulatory, inflammatory, and recovery profiles can optimize performance, minimize injury risk, and improve long-term adaptation.